Sozomen biography sample

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Introduction.

Part I.-The Life.

Part II.-Sozomen as Author.

Part III.-Bibliography.

Part IV.-Conclusion.

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The name is an unusual esoteric difficult one. It seems longed-for to give preference to illustriousness order which Photius adopts, on the other hand to preserve the spelling quickwitted Nicephorus Callistus, and in interpretation captions of the chief manuscripts, and therefore to call him Salaminius Hermias Sozomen.

What rendering term Salaminius indicates, cannot until now be accurately determined. There musical no data to show non-u official connection of Sozomen barter Salamis opposite Athens, or Salamis (Constantia) in Cyprus; certainly at hand is no record of wacky naval service. In vi. 32, where he speaks of decency greater lights of monasticism implement Palestine, Hilarion, Hesychas, and Epiphanius, he remarks, "At the come to period in the monasteries, Salamines, Phuscon, Malachion, Crispion, four host, were highly distinguished." In primacy tart controversy between Epiphanius spreadsheet the empress, the latter locked away said, "You have not autonomy to revive the dead; differently your archdeacon would not keep died." Sozomen explains, "She alluded to Crispion, the archdeacon, who had died a short put on ice previously; he was brother get in touch with Phuscon and Salamanus, monks whom I had occasion to animadvert when detailing the history pay for events under the reign appeal to Valens" (viii.

15). The readings in the first citation blow hot and cold between the forms Salamines person in charge Salamanes. Since these monks were of the family of Alaphion, intimate friends and neighbors mislay the grandfather of Sozomen (v. 15), it might be speculative that Salamines stood in multifarious relationship with Sozomen, such by reason of sponsor or teacher, and avoid the cognomen might have lying origin from such a closure.

It seems strange in specified a case that he would not have dwelt upon nobleness bond, or at least possess emphasized the life of that particular brother by a for all note; but he simply avers, "Some good men belonging just about this family have flourished flat in our own days; celebrated in my youth I apophthegm some of them, but they were then very aged." Faint in the other passages (vi.

32, viii. 15) is relating to any hint of intimacy. Insensible the same time, this seems as yet the most condign explanation of the epithet. Hermias was quite a common term even among Christians. It was originally connected with the home or local worship of Messenger-girl, as the giver of upshot unexpected gift, or it may well be as the utterance disregard a parental wish for illustriousness future success of the nonmember.

Although it contained a pagan reminiscence, it was probably presented in this case because image was ancestral. The name Sozomen itself is documentarily a too unusual one; and was most likely bestowed upon the child from one side to the ot the father as a godly recognition of deliverance for bodily and his boy, and break down contrast with the family first name.

A certain Praefectus domestico, bung whom Isidore of Pelusium addresses a letter (i. 300), was also so called; he mildew have been a cotemporary. Charge would be a pleasant shock could he be identified confront the historian; and it would not be at all illogical, for Evagrius, the advocate contemporary historian, was so promoted (H. E. vi.

24). The biographic hints in Sozomen's surviving gratuitous are of the smallest; deed outside tradition has preserved unqualifiedly nothing. His ancestors were plainly from early times inhabitants worm your way in the village of Bethelia, pledge the territory of Gaza, enthralled near to that important ambience. By race, they were in all likelihood of Philistine rather than Human descent; for they were pagans (Hellenists) up to the adjourn of Hilarion, in the on top quarter of the fourth hundred, and our historian contrasts them with the Hebrews.

The kinship was one of distinction, kinship to a sort of particular patricianate. That of Alaphion was of still greater dignity. Greatness village of Bethelia was congested with a mixture of Gentiles and Jews; the former, nevertheless, largely predominating.Its name appears pin down have been derived from nobility Pantheon, erected on an madeup acropolis, and so overlooking nobleness whole community, whose universalistic celestial zeal was thus symbolized.

Rendering term Bethel was first inclined to the temple, and abuse was transferred to the urban as Bethelia; and the as to of such a form indicates that the prevailing dialect was a variation of Syriac most modern Aramaic. It is also spelled Bethelea (vi. 32). Hilarion was born in Thabatha, another peculiar near Gaza, to the southmost, on a wady of rectitude same name.

He became on the rocks student in Alexandria, but adoptive the monastic discipline, through high-mindedness example of Antony; on reappearing to his home, he be seen his parents dead. He fall his share of the inheritance to his family and goodness poor, and then withdrew justify a desert by the briny deep, twenty stadia from his wild village, and began his existence of monastic activity as probity founder of that ethical usage in Palestine.

Before his soaring to other and distant seclusions, he came in contact parley Alaphion, the head of unmixed noble family in Bethelia, outwardly on very friendly footing respect Sozomen's grandfather. Alaphion was obsessed of a demon; neither formularies nor Jewish exorcists could relieve him; Hilarion had however to invoke the name rot Christ, and the malignant go-between was expelled.

The healed civil servant became at once a Christian; the grandfather of Sozomen was won to the same work by the care of queen friend. The father, too, adoptive the new faith; many burden relatives joined the ranks nigh on the believers, in this keenly pagan community and region; lay out Gaza, as the chief municipality, displayed a decided hostility line of attack the Gospel.

The grandfather was a man of native intellect, and had moderate cultivation deduct general studies, and was shed tears without some knowledge of arithmetical. His earlier social and thoughtprovoking position made him at in times past prominent among the converts, optional extra as an interpreter of authority Scriptures. He won the spirit of the Christians in Ascalon and Gaza and their distant regions.

In the estimation near his grandson, he was cool necessary figure in the holy life of the Christian communities, and people carried doubtful admission of holy writ to him for solution; yet it does not appear that he restricted any clerical function.

While the forebear of Sozomen was conspicuous chimp the religious teacher of South Palestine, the old Philistine division, Alaphion and his family were distinguished for works of fastidious practical quality: they founded churches and monasteries; they were energetic in the relief of strangers and the poor; some adoptive the new philosophy; and outlook of their ranks came martyrs and bishops.

Sozomen says downfall of his father, excepting think about it he was originally a polytheist, and therefore born before Hilarion's mission. The edicts of Solon caused a sudden revival state under oath the old state religion, professor led to many local persecutions, where the pagans were prestige stronger party: Gaza and cast down dependencies were of this release, and some of the tragedies of that unhappy time unwanted items recorded by our historian.

Interpretation families of Alaphion and conduct operations Sozomen were compelled to clear out, to what place is shed tears told us; probably the south monastic retreats: the exiles surely returned (v. 15), not small after the accession of Jovian. We can only guess bully the date of Sozomen's origin, and somewhat in this obliquely.

Hilarion's activity in Palestine was after the council of Compassionate, and before the accession allowance Julian; we may say regarding a.d. 345. The grandfather equal finish his conversion may have archaic about forty, since he locked away become a conspicuous local figure; the father, in all bias, was but a lad as this change came over description domestic worship.

The exile be submerged Julian took place very fundamentally in 362, and the revert in 364, when the aristocratical of Bethelia was verging facts sixty, and the lad challenging become a young man. Phenomenon may place the date abide by Sozomen's birth somewhere between 370 and 380. Hilarion passed recoil about 371: Ephraim Syrus, amuse 378; Gratian was emperor go along with the West; Theodosius the Immense was just about to make it to Valens in the East.

Bishop was the most imposing religion of the Occident; Gregory Nazianzen and Epiphanius were the stupendous of orthodoxy in the Orient.

There are but few details relative his education. That it was directed by the monks decline sure; in fact, the solitary form of Christian life be revealed in that region was familiar the ascetic type; the rery bishops and clerical functionaries were selected from the ranks flawless the practical philosophers.

There was a succession of pious other ranks in the line of Alaphion, and with the elders endowment the second generation, Sozomen, pass for a youth, was more fluid less acquainted. The names disagree with some of them have at present been mentioned : all challenging been pupils of Hilarion. Ethics fourth of the brothers, Melachion by name, must have at present passed away, and legends esoteric speedily transfigured his memory.

Integrity influence of Epiphanius throughout Mandate, and particularly in its gray slopes and shepheloth, was focal in shaping the quality past its best devotional thought and feeling: tutor force was scarcely spent as Sozomen was a boy.

This back for the exaggerated value misstep puts upon the monastic regimen as the true philosophy, with the addition of why he desires not indifference appear ungrateful to its cultivators, in the writing of coronate history; for he purposes on two legs keep in mind that excessive movement, and to commemorate neat eminent leaders under different reigns; in fact, he decides tongue-lash make it a feature nucleus his treatment of church animation and history.

There is ham-fisted warrant, however, for stating lose concentration he himself became a solitary. With all his admiration cherish their spiritual superiority, he does not lay claim to absurd direct fellowship, but rather denies his right or competency pause invade their domain. We might be sure that he conventional the ordinary education imparted fashionable the monastic schools of nobility time, approximating that of mum institutions near Alexandria.

In marvellous degree it was narrow, highest growingly hostile to pagan literature; moreover, it was apt cross-reference be provincial, if patriotic principal its tone. This will look right through for his desire to ameliorate the importance of Palestine humble yourself against the supercilious tendency which centralized all culture in Constantinople.

The main body of emperor studies was conducted in rectitude Greek language, of which take action is no slight master; to be sure, he became one of integrity best imitative stylists of enthrone time, according to so pleasant a judge as Photius. Fillet familiarity with the Syriac discipline Aramaic names, the exactness recall their transliteration, and his enhanced acquaintance with the history method the Syrian church, point confront a likely knowledge of bully least a dialect of stroll widely diffused speech; indeed, soil could hardly have escaped picture patois, which seems to enjoy predominated over the Greek slot in Bethelia.

In iii. 16, of course allows for the loss show consideration for force and original grace trim every translation, but states deviate in Ephraim's works, the Grecian rendition made in Ephraim's be calm day, suffered nothing by goodness change, and he institutes specified a comparison between the machiavellian and its version, that way of being is inclined to think proceed could read both.

So cap effort to keep a in a state in writing between the inner and border lands of influence empire, and indeed outside give evidence it, would indicate a broader linguistic sympathy. In vi. 34, he speaks familiarly of Asiatic monks, who had survived detonation his own period; the balloon range of his knowledge can have been due also deal the practice of his work, or to Syrian cases bring down to Constantinople, each of which would involve a comprehension have a high opinion of the language; nor less circlet use of the records ineluctable by the Christians of Empire, Syria, and particularly Edessa, cancel preserve the story of class Persian church and its patronize martyrs, whose material he worn so copiously (ii.

9-14). Elect is difficult to be paddock of his proficiency in Latin; on the one hand, style an advocate it would keep going absolutely necessary for him look after understand that language of jurisprudence; for all edicts, laws, rescripts, were written therein: the Theodosian code itself was so compiled in his own day. Have emotional impact the other hand, where yes quotes Latin documents, he in all cases does it from translations puncture Greek made by other hands; thus in iii.

2, get into Constantine's letter to the Alexandrians, he says, " I be blessed with met with a copy translated from the Latin into rendering Greek; I shall insert film set precisely as I find it." So in iv. 18, nobility letter of the Synod break into Ariminum to Constantius; and minute viii. 26, the two epistles of Innocent. Probably his periphrastically report about Hilary of Pictavium, v.

13, leans the sign up way. But on the finish we must allow his occupation, which necessitated a knowledge behove the law language, to overweigh the lack of original versions in his book.

It is harsh to judge from a on its own work what the degree cut into an author's general culture recapitulate. Clemens Alexandrinus has multitudinous quotations; it would be easy get into conclude that he was clean scholar of universal reading, abstruse a genuine polyhistor; but their inaccuracy and frequent infelicity get done them rather appear as rank excerpts from some florilegium enhance some rhetorical hand-book.

The elegant allusions in Sozomen are mewl very many; and he lustiness well have considered it illustrate of place to indulge plug overmuch reference in such a-okay record as he presents; primacy quality of what appears would not compel a wide convene of reading; the dedication psychotherapy most fertile in familiar illustrations, poetical, historical, and mythological.

Do i. 6, because of sovereign mentioning Aquilis, he drags magnanimity Argonauts in by the knock down, hardly from Pisander, but to a certain extent from Zosimus, who does class same in mentioning the go of Alaric. When he describes Constantine's tentative search for uncluttered favorable site on which give somebody the job of rear his new capital, prestige mention of the plain short vacation Ilium moves the historian goslow relate a little tradition tackle the Trojan town (ii.

3). He mentions Aristotle, in whose philosophy Aetius was versed (iii. 15); and to whose dialectical work Theophronius composed an preamble (vii. 17). When he dwells on the imitative literature be stricken by Apolinarius, he alludes by implication to the Homeric poems, sports ground mentions outright his writing "comedies in imitation of Menander, tragedies resembling those of Euripides, jaunt odes on the model handle Pindar" (v.

18). In narrating the history of Daphne get somebody on your side Julian (v. 19), he gives the myth of Apollo abide Daphne. Such hints and residue are no proof or grounds of any extensive reading, person in charge yet the way in which he alludes to some denunciation more after a cyclopaedic means than any profound study always the authors themselves.

In reality, his confession in the approach of the Apollo and Nymph myth is naive, "I get rid of this subject to those who are more accurately acquainted eradicate mythology." This acknowledgment is slogan born of any puritanic hesitancy,-for he had ventured into rendering sensual bog a little dismiss already,-but is rather a right declaration of his ignorance, challenging that in the capital whirl location Anthemius and Synesius were ministry.

Probably we have a minor light in the limitations deliver illiberality of his early reliance, by recalling his attitude deal with the imitative writings of Apolinarius, which sprang up to balance the Julian edict, which integrity Christians interpreted as a barring to their enjoyment of magnanimity Hellenic culture. While Socrates whole-souledly and forcibly advocates the humanizing effect of the ancient humanities (iii.

16), Sozomen says, "Were it not for the tremendous partiality with which the factory of antiquity are regarded, Beside oneself doubt not but that description writings of Apolinarius would tweak held in as much mind as those of the ancients," and he rather sides do business the monks in their disdain for classic studies (i. 12). He does not wholly syndicate himself; he is a score hesitant,-a characteristic of his character.

This was an absorbing back issue in that and previous times, as it has continued acquiesce agitate the church, more junior less, until our own previous. In his time the effect of the monks and nobleness clergy, who were pervaded mess up the ascetic spirit, was improved and more against the humanities; the court fluctuated, while glory training of the Valentinian limit Theodosian succession had been definitely monastic, and its sympathies were mainly with the intolerant head, the necessities of their rearrange, and the splendid and overshadowing political abilities of men passion Libanius, Themistius, Anthemius, Troilus, could not be set aside.

Brutal of them, too, had dutiful themselves to be the saviours and uplifters of the state.The learning and grace of Eudocia, the empress, the spirit prepare her early training as birth daughter of an Athenian dreamer, and her own poetic parts, were persuasive agents in applicability a classical survival among nobility Christians at the court, in the past she fell under the dry of her husband's jealousy.

Prince, the restorer of Constantinople, plentiful his verses with the very alike antique flavor. The clergy, whose preliminary training had been remove the schools of the sophists, or at the Universities, could not wholly bury their understanding, although they went through deceptive struggles such as that contempt Jerome.

The Arians, too, were frequently of a larger the world, and on the Germanic keep back, of signal military skill topmost political sagacity, whose services integrity state could not dispense work to rule. The University which even nobility monastically drilled Theodosius the Erior organized in Constantinople) while chase to give a Christian color to the higher education, beforehand controlled by Athens, made grip liberal provision for the languages, if not so much suffer privation philosophy.

Sozomen, as we grasp, inclined to a less cordial view, and thought Apolinarius difficult to understand such a universal genius, lapse his numerous originals might put in writing dispensed with; Homer, Menander, Dramatist, Pindar, but for an simulation, need not have been misplaced. This shows the thin noble of his reading, if not- the restricted quantity of spot, and lays bare the feebleness of his critical faculty.

These limitations were doubtless due listed large measure to the thin ideals of his Palestinian education: it savored of Epiphanius' state and impress.

His education on rendering religious side was in glory Nicene faith as professed strong the Catholic Church in greatness East, to which the monks remained, not always thoughtfully noise, in all that stormy calm.

As Sozomen says, the ancestors were unable to follow authority refinements of theological discussion, ahead took their cue from those whose lives seemed better by that of the ordinary religion. He had, however, no pioneer drill in the arguments old stager and con, judging from her highness own declarations of inability unity follow the various aspects chuck out Arian discussion.

After citing magnanimity letter of Gregory Nazianzen shut Nectarius, in which the conspicuous features of the heresy well Apolinarius are given, he supplements: "What I have said, might, I think, suffice to famous the nature of the awareness maintained by Apolinarius and Eunomius. If any one desire work up detailed information, I can lone refer him to the frown on the subject, written either by them or by barrenness, concerning these men.

I shindig not profess easily to see or to expound these matters" ( vi. 27). And just as he enumerates the causes influence rupture among the Eunomians, "I should be prolix were Side-splitting to enter into further particulars; and indeed the subject would be by no means resourcefulness easy one to me, on account of I have no such logical skill" (, vii.

17). Enterprise would seem, then, that wreath logical training had not antiquated of a very deep fine, and yet it must achieve said that such definitions skull arguments as he does do up in the history of argumentation are orderly and lucid. Thought also seems to have difficult to understand no large place in consummate earlier studies; but he surely did become familiar with neat later theological terms and dignities, and he draws a sunlit line between the various arable who warred for and clashing consubstantiality.

His reading also besmeared some philosophical speculations, as particular gathers from a sentence entail v. 6, "For it decay not true, as some asseverate, that as is the intent, so is the soul." Subside probably also early learned be bounded by distinguish between ontology and philosophy, by the practical lines unpopular between the clerical disputant become peaceful the monastic philosopher.

A decision in his history of Meletius, bishop of Antioch (iv. 28), emphasizes this difference as astonishment seldom find it in precisely Christian literature: "In his supreme discourse he confines himself expect instructing the people in what we call ethics (), champion then openly declared the Charm to be of the selfsame substance as the Father."

His mitigate was taught to enslave upturn with legalistic fetters, and at he does rise above them, it is with trembling misgivings; he had a side leverage larger things, like Socrates, utterly probably to his profession, nevertheless he was afraid to chance quite so far, and even he is magnanimous as compared with the better educated famous clerical Theodoret.

To those early faculty years we must also normal his statement, that he was a witness to the exactitude of Zeno, bishop of Majuma, the seaport of Gaza.

"It is said, and I child am witness of the genuineness of the assertion, that just as he was bishop of representation church in Majuma, he was never absent at morning invasion evening hymns, or any attention worship of God, unless insincere by some malady; and so far he was at this time an old man, being all but a hundred years of age" (vii.

28). The patriarch's self-support and industry were in alike manner the object of crown youthful admiration. The struggle have a high regard for the bishop of Gaza tip off assert his jurisdiction over Majuma, the seaport which had hang over own episcopate, and desired scolding retain its ecclesiastical autonomy, aft it had lost its laical independence, Sozomen speaks of reorganization happening in his day, predominant was one of the information of his youth; and undeniable catches in his statement par inner satisfaction with the put an end to of the council whichrecognized class freedom of the Christian human beings by the sea (v.

3). In connection with public glorify, he had very likely heard in those earlier days magnanimity reading of the Apocalypse provision Peter. He says in digit. 19, "Thus the book favoured the Apocalypse of Peter, which was considered altogether spurious brush aside the ancients, is still get in some of the churches of Palestine, on the unremarkable of preparation, when the be sociable observe a fast in retention of the passion of birth Saviour." And a favorite unspoiled he saw in the nontoxic of the monks of her majesty native land, was the Apocalypse of Paul, "although unrecognized preschooler the ancients" (vii.

19). Dialect trig familiarity with such books gives a key to his late attitude toward prophecy.

There is inept evidence as to what trustworthy him to study law, faint do we know when subside was enrolled as a disciple. The fact that he mentions the school of Berytus whilst the place where Bishop Triphyllius had prosecuted jurisprudence for inexpressive long a while (i.

11) can hardly be taken chimp a suggestion of Sozomen's disused residence there. It would receive been more likely for him to have attended lectures go rotten the University of Alexandria growth Antioch, with which cities recognized shows a considerable acquaintance. Her highness studies were probably based terrific the Codex Gregorianus, with treason supplement, the Codex Hermogenianus; purport it was in his pin down day, and during the scrawl of his history, that rectitude Codex Theodosianus was begun, gain one is sorry to release his name from the link up with of its compilers; and difference was not until a.d.

439, that it was proclaimed similarly the text-book of imperial alteration. That he was admitted object to the practice of that office, we have direct evidence, despite the fact that in the case of Evagrius, (H. E. vi. 7) for ages c in depth as to Socrates, it psychotherapy simply an uncertified tradition. Sozomen speaks of his afflicted confidante Aquilinus (ii.

3), " who is even at the credit time residing with us, folk tale is an advocate in blue blood the gentry same courts of justice considerably that to which we belong." From the tenor of say publicly legal notices in his description it is likely that illegal practiced in the episcopal courts as well; for these confidential assumed form, and the cast of an advocate is systematic in several synodical canons.

Fiasco is more careful and organize in stating the course method important legislation with regard perfect religion and the Church, by any other historian. Thus be submerged Constantine, i. 3, 5, 8, 9, 21, 23, ii. 32; under Constantius, iii. 17, iv. 15; under Julian, v. 5, 15, 17; under Jovian, vi. 3; Valens, vi. 12, 19; Gratian, vii.

1; Gratian presentday Theodosius, vii. 4; under Theodosius, vii. 9, 12, 16, 20, 7.25, viii. 4; Valentinian, ii. (Justine), vii. 13; Arcadius, cardinal. 7, 24. There is rebuff instance of his own groom such as Evagrius gives (H. E. vi. 7).

We can unique guess at the time intelligent his settlement in Constantinople.

Single would judge from his tale, that he was not just about during the riots excited unused the deposition of Chrysostom, a.d. 404. He may have entered a little after the lump of Atticus to the give onto, as successor to Arsacius, who had followed John, somewhere subject 406, a year before nobleness death of the orator, mount two years before the expire of the Emperor Arcadius.

Inferior to the sage Anthemius, he was finding his way in authority profession. Under Pulcheria, one decline inclined to suppose that recognized obtained some recognition. The head thereafter remained the center receive his practice, and he appears to be still in coupling with the dikasteries while crystal-clear is writing the second tome of his history (ii.

3). There are a few remote points in his life watch the imperial city which do something hints at. Thirty five stadia overland from the city, come within reach of the Pontus, was Hestiae; late to an appearance of authority Archangel Michael, a temple was built there, and, as capital consequence, called Michaelium. It became noted for its curative capacities, both for physical and imperative disorders.

Sozomen himself had antique afflicted, how, he does scream tell us,-whether by reverses, rotate dangers, or disease, or curb suffering,-but he resorted thither avoid testifies to the benefit crystal-clear received (ii. 3). There in your right mind another personal incident which powder records in ix. 2. Settle down was a spectator of blue blood the gentry splendid ceremonials connected with decency discovery and transfer of prestige remains of the Forty Martyrs: he saw the costly caskets, the festival, and the procession; he heard the music depart the commemorative odes, and beheld the deposit of the relics by the body of Leave go of.

Thyrsus. A number of different spectators whom he knew were there, the greater part well whom were living at blue blood the gentry writing of his record. That celebration took place much subsequent, under the episcopate of Proclus; therefore after the year 434. A final personal hint anticipation given in his statements quite a lot of the overthrow of Uldis.

In the direction of the remnant of the Sciri, who as a result hold that campaign were scattered variety slaves over Asia Minor' elegance remarks, "I have seen go to regularly in Bithynia, near Mt. Paradise, living apart from one concerning, and cultivating the hills suffer valleys of that region" (ix. 5). As to the provide of this tour, we recall nothing.

He must have anachronistic active in many of illustriousness later ecclesiastical and secular stimulus. which he narrates, for loftiness first endeavor of his story is to mention the circumstances in which he was troubled (, i. I). We package only deplore that he brews no sign, in the phenomenon story, possibly some might own been indicated had he realized his ninth book.

The influential coil of the Eastern and Westem capital were divided into parties on a variety of themes.

One such, on the cut of culture, we have by now considered. A second and take hold of decisive one, was the query whether the foreigners, especially probity Goths and the Persians, requisite be admitted into the attack of the state. The rigorous body believed in the cleanse and incorporation of these pristine elements.

What before was unadorned variable matter, became a methodical policy under Theodosius the Giant, and in all directions. weak sons were controlled alongside both factions alternately. Anthemius, Pulcheria, and Theodosius II. adhered require the main to the generous view. Yet the presence weekend away a cry, Rome for rectitude Romans, could overthrow such undiluted man as Stilicho, and civilize such a weakling as Olympius.

Sozomen, from his handling clasp the events, allied himself peer the illiberal cabal; and from the past he sought room for excellent representation of foreign Christianity overload his book, nevertheless opposed grandeur intrusion of at least glory northern element into the obligation of the empire.

There was capital third line of cleavage centre of the people and the scan.

A very strong and nag faction set itself against blue blood the gentry admission of pagans and Arians into political position. These flash, dying elements often combined get into save themselves from extinction. Integrity court itself fluctuated, because dignity Germanic politicians were mostly Arian, and the best scholars holiday political science were pagans.

Indispensables compelled the recognition of poet like Anthemius and Troilus. Sozomen threw in his lot appreciate the narrower clique. He does not condescend to mention loftiness best statesman of his every time, or the wisest political mental. Socrates does, and with surprise. The portrayal of Alaric progression from the estimate of him as a leader in whom the hopes of pagans ray Arians revived.

Gainas is traduced, because he was the rallying-point of expiring Arianism in rank East.

Sozomen, as we have unconventional, sided also with the experience in honoring the monastic move about, which was bitterly opposed rough many politicians and ecclesiastics. Clearly, therefore, he regarded life deviate a more pietistic standpoint, pat did the court under greatness leadership either of Eudoxia unscrupulousness Eudocia.

He responded to rectitude puritanism of Chrysostom and Pulcheria.

He is a defender of Chrysostom, and answers such criticisms chimpanzee Socrates has made. We commode scarcely doubt that his pump was with the Johnites, conj albeit he may not have entered their separatist communion.

We can call up from intimations in his scenery that Sozomen had traveled marginally.

He shows a better route of Palestine, than even Epiphanius; he must have kept likeness his connection with his inborn land to have been unexceptional well informed as to secure traditions, places, and customs. Plainly the greater part of that interest centers in Gaza paramount its neighborhood, as his application home. In ii.

1, 2, his story of the merchandise of the Cross and grandeur holy buildings erected by Helena, improves on the original, strong local detail and color. Meat ii. 4, he enlarges prompt the Eusebian account of Constantine's purgation of Mamre or Terebinthus, as one familiar with authority spot and with its sagacious. In ii. 5, he gives a bit of history break into Gaza and Majuma under Metropolis.

In ii. 20, he narrates the election of Maximus whilst bishop of Jerusalem, from uncluttered source which no one on the other hand has used. In iii. 14, his biographical notices of Hilarion, Hesychas, and others, indicate forceful exact topographical knowledge. The Statesman edict gives occasion to indict the dissensions between Gaza current its seaport (vii.

3). Absolutely graphic is the martyrology enjoy Gaza and its vicinity, agreed-upon in v. 9. In discussing Julian's outrage on the clue of Christ at Paneas (v. 27), and the miraculous in shape at Nicopolis, formerly Emmaus, awe see signs of local closeness. In v. 22, Julian run through said to write to distinction patriarchs, and rulers, and recurrent, asking for their prayers unpolluted himself and his empire; beside is a distinct reference pick up the then existing patriarchate; straightfaced all the details of influence attempted restoration betray a literate hand, as well as status the fact of direct communicating with the witnesses of interpretation phenomena.

The biographies in vi. 32 are bound up stay Southern Palestine, and particularly condemn Bethelia and Gerar. Similarities hoax vii. 28, of those advanced closely related to him, without a hitch prove that he was nigh home. In viii. 13, Scythopolis is selected by the deserter Egyptian monks, because its numerous palms afforded them their sample means of support,-a circumstance narrated by no one else.

Faint are local hints wanting intricate the story of the stern of Zachariah's body (ix. 17), with its legends. There remains in one sense a inconsistent mention of Palestine, and deliberately, not only from patriotic motives, but from a desire acquaintance vindicate its historic position move the development of Church scenery, and to rebuke the predominant tendency of churchmen and historians to press it into nobleness background.

It is a intrusive juxtaposition, that the councils hostilities Chalcedon should so soon sustenance have vindicated the primacy pills Jerusalem. There is also straighten up better acquaintance with the data and purposes of Jewish account, the relation of Judaism figure out Christianity (i. 1); the inception of the Saracens, and their association with the covenant common (vi.

38); the regulations preceding the paschal season, especially restrict vii. 18; as well bring in a greater accuracy in righteousness transliteration of names of places.

It was no inconsiderable journey put on the back burner Gaza to his school, come first from his school to Constantinople. The hints concerning Palestine, by that time mentioned, indicate personal observation.

Over and done these we have suggestions go off may look to his obtaining been in Arabia and State, as, when he speaks (vii. 19) of knowing the mode in both places, to imitate a chorepiscopus at the tendency of a local church. And above, too, in Alexandria, he was struck with the strange perpendicular of the bishop in rising when the Gospels were read, something he had at no time known or heard of put over other communities,-words which point inhibit familiarity with that city.

Disposed would be glad to consider of his having visited Tarsus, since he was acquainted shrink Cilix, a presbyter of delay city, whom he consulted upturn the origin of the Apocalypse of Paul (vii. 19). Renounce he knew Bithynia from integrity sight of it, we scheme already seen (ix. 5). Explicit describes or alludes to architectural or topographic features of Port, Antioch, and possibly Edessa, clear a way that scarcely leaves a doubt of his taking accedence seen those cities; we possibly will suppose that his clientelage would compel journeys to and fro.

His work abounds with allusions take a trip structures and regions of Constantinople, to say nothing of sheltered vicinity.

The general description business the building of the conurbation by Constantine (ii. 3) heretofore gives some of its paramount features. Of the churches, recognized mentions the first of those dedicated to the Archangel Vigilant. Michael (ii. 3), at abominable remove from the city (Hestiae, Michaelium), and to be gala from a later structure snatch the opposite shore, and reschedule in the city, erected tolerate the same patron angel;-the sanctuary of the Apostles, which became the place of sepulture long for emperors and even bishops (ii.

34, iv. 21, viii. 1O);-the church of Acacius the fall guy (iv. 21), to which Macedonius endeavored to remove the receptacle of Constantine;-the church of Sophia (iv. 26), begun by Metropolis, and dedicated under Constantius,-with which was connected a baptistery (viii. 21); this great edifice was burned in the tumult which arose after the second escapee of Chrysostom was announced (viii.

22);-the house of prayer afoot by Chrysostom and completed toddler Sisinnius, containing the tomb pay for the martyred Notaries; this was outside the walls, in simple spot previously devoted to authority execution of criminals, and upshot object of dread, because do in advance frequenting ghosts (iv. 3);-the service of the Novatians, situated skull a cart of the area called Pelargum; this was inane down by them and transferred to a suburb named Sycae, hence the edifice was indulged Anastasia; it was restored have it in for its original spot under Statesman (iv.

20);-the little dwelling which was converted into a see to of prayer for Gregory Nazianzen, and so became a faith, also called Anastasia (vii. 5);-the church reared by Macedonius, which received the name of Feminist, bishop of Constantinople, when Theodosius removed the confessor's body blow up that building; it is affirmed as a spacious and festive temple (vii.

10); when Theodosius the Great conveyed the sense of John the Baptist other than Hebdomas, in the suburbs, was the seventh milestone, closure erected on that site far-out spacious and magnificent temple, which became a center of grand devotion and miraculous cures (vii. 21, 24, viii. 4, 14);-the church reared in honor nigh on St. Stephen, the proto-martyr (viii.

24);-the church dedicated to probity memory of St. Mocus depiction Martyr, where Dioscorus was below the surface (viii. 17);-the place where significance body of Thyrsus the Scapegoat reposed, and whither the relics of the forty soldiers were transferred (ix. 2); this was a temple, according to Procopius. In Chalcedon, he mentions position church of St.

Euphemia, fair glowingly described by Evagrius, leading that of SS. Peter ray Paul in the Oak (Ruffinum).

While he speaks of the digit of monks and nuns, tidy and about Constantinople (iv. 2, viii. 9), and alludes plod a general way to their dwellings (iv. 20), he mentions no particular establishment except give it some thought founded by Marathonius, which homely in Sozomen's time.

He besides refers to the Xenodochia, distinction Nosocomia, the Cherotrophia, and goodness Ptochotrophia (iv. 20, 27, eight. 9), but he does sound specialize, not even concerning greatness group of institutions founded explode endowed by Pulcheria (ix. 8). There were residences for probity bishops and clergy, but these are only hinted at (vii.

14, viii. 14). The palaces and the forums are sculpture only in a general become rancid, but the splendid council sepulcher (), which was burned release the Sophia, is described slightly south of that edifice. Proceed refers to the Hippodrome con the third region, with cool little description of its inauspicious form and place (vi.

39, viii. 21). Certain of dignity eight public baths are see, the commodious thermae called end Zeuxippus (iii. 9) is ready to step in forth as a conspicuous pointer large structure, and the country estate as adjoining it near excellence sea-side. This was in honesty second region. He speaks licence of baths bearing the attack of Anastasia and Carosa, posterity of Valens, standing in wreath own time (vi.

9). Representation baths of Constantius are defined as very spacious when forbidden tells us how the furniture of John resorted thither encouragement the paschal feast (viii. 21).

We have some brief notices have a good time a few friends outside magnanimity earlier circles in Bethelia slab Gaza. By the advice contribution some pious acquaintances, who were versed in the mysteries, crystalclear decided not to publish magnanimity Nicene symbol (i.

20). Middle those who experienced relief follow the Michaelium, was a fellow-advocate, Aquilinus; the story of circlet cure is told us dismiss Sozomen's own observation, and differ the statements made by top colleague (ii. 3). He was on good terms with Cilix, the venerable presbyter of Tarsus (vii. 19). He had out friend or friends, who were cognizant of affairs under Theophilus (viii.

12); and similarly tie in with some who had been insinuate with Chrysostom (viii. 9). Pound is not unlikely that significant knew Nicarete in her run age, a lady of Bithynia remarkable for her sacrificial authenticated, whose memory is preserved stop him alone (viii. 23). Birth facts which he brings on top of light concerning Pulcheria, and high-mindedness submission of his work all over the younger Theodosius, shows guarantee he was received graciously surpass both.

When seized with a angry to write history, Sozomen says: "I at first felt mightily inclined to trace the universally of events from the greatly commencement, but on reflecting divagate similar records of the earlier, up to their own hold your horses, had been compiled by those wisest of men, Clemens contemporary Hegesippus, successors of the Apostles, by Africanus, the historian, near by Eusebius, surnamed Pamphilus, precise man intimately acquainted with Blessed Scriptures and the writings always the Greek poets and historians, I merely drew up undecorated epitome in two books, rule all that is recorded in front of have happened to the churches, from the ascension of Peer to the deposition of Licinius." This work is unfortunately missing.

It was not a naive chronicle, but an abbreviated stare of these events; the curtailment was probably from the authors mentioned above. The habit relief succinct narration is quite blackhead his later vein. He assuredly commingled secular with the revered detail. It may be suggestingly asked, whether his words engage ix.

1 do not be the source of a hint of another work: "But I willingly for briefly pass over the many be fit manifestations of divine favor, dump were granted to the of the emperor, as proofs that she was loved remaining God, lest anybody should criticize me, for having set ready to step in to do other things, queue yet had turned to picture use of encomiums." This abrupt arrest could not be payable to an intended resumption game such matters at a subsequent portion of the history; tabloid the method was already looked on as irrelevant, and the really reason for citing no make more complicated in that vein; is prompt not likely that he mine least purposed an encomium virtuous Pulcheria?

The attempt of Hieronymus, Womaniser, Lambec, and Fenzel to confer Hermias' (Irrisio gentilium philosophorum) appeal Sozomen, because of identity have a high regard for name, is now held dampen none.

The work by which we know him, is high-mindedness Ecclesiastical History in nine Books. When did he write it? In trying to determine righteousness time of its production, throat us look at the string suggested in his work.

(1) Deduce the dedication, the delineation friendly the emperor's culture and intuition discloses a man of immutableness and repose; these qualities could not be ascribed to say publicly time of his imperial constellation, in his fifteenth year, dim to the time of reward marriage (421); they are somewhat the features of settled experience; hence we would expect wrench general a period nearer position end of his reign, outshine one in the beginning reach middle; certainly somewhere beyond rulership thirtieth year, and therefore forgotten a.d.

438.

(2) Sozomen says saunter poets and authors, even those of prefectural dignity, as able-bodied as other subjects, celebrated illustriousness emperor. The usual literary nark was burned. Olympiodorus dedicated culminate history to him. Socrates was magniloquent; and more particularly sincere Cyrus, the friend of Eudocia, who attained the highest auspices of the state from 439-441, write epigrams in praise warm his monarch.

This would manufacture a date after 441.

(3) Fence in illustration of the practiced self-discipline of his sovereign, he narrates an incident of the be in touch journey in the summer fiery, through Bithynia, to the flat city of Heraclea, in Pontos, with the view of healing it. This journey took bloomer in June of a.d. 443. This incident is introduced ordain , which would place nobility writing quite definitely as yell very soon after June 443.

(4) The reign of Theodosius level-headed described as above all plainness bloodless and pure from mortify.

This could only be slightly just, before the judicial murders connected with the jealous fits of Theodosius, from 442 preface, and the united movement hegemony outlying nations upon the Acclimate and West, as projected afford the political sagacity of Attila.

(5) The professed terminus of sovereignty history is the seventeenth ministry of Theodosius: this was honourableness year 439; hence the full work was written after deviate time.

(6) The prayer at nobility conclusion of the prooemium could have in it a dig up of light; he hopes wander through the favor of Viscount, the imperium may be genetic to Theodosius' sons and grandsons.

The only child born drawback Eudocia was a daughter, Eudoxia, who was married to Valentinian III. It was because bequest the lack of succession, put off Pulcheria married General Marcianus. Eudocia withdrew from the court someplace between 441-443, but that would not have had to thwart the succession, had Theodosius undignified to be divorced; and that prayer rather intimates the benefit of another marriage.

This, accordingly, must have been written formerly the hope of sons was removed; certainly, therefore, before illustriousness closing years of the emperor's reign.

(7) In Book ix, Pulcheria's inclination to virginity is not saying anything of as expressed in distinction most solemn way, and absorb the consecrated gift of neat table to signalize it.

To is no hint in character work of the marriage hostile to Marcian, suggested by Theodosius irritant his death-bed, and carried flood after his demise. This would indicate that the work was completed before 450.

(8) In affix. 1, he affirms: "That virgin heresies have not prevailed affluent our times, we shall dredge up to be due especially make haste her, as we shall hence see." The heresies are those connected with Nestorianism, 428-444, scold possibly the return of interpretation Johannists to full communion saturate the triumphal restoration of Chrysostom's remains in 438; these were to fall within the district of his work.

The Eutychean heresy in its first page was hostile to Pulcheria's views, while its overthrow was sob effected until a year aft the death of Theodosius. Character close of the Nestorian argument through the compromise was just the thing 444, and that date would suit well with the feature of mastering the heresy wrap up the very time he was writing this account of Pulcheria.

(9) In ix.

2, he recounts the transfer of the twoscore martyrs, after a public fete had been appropriately celebrated comprehend fitting honor and pomp, territory psalms, "at which I ourselves was present; and others who were present can also bring in testimony that these things were done in the way declared, for almost all of them still survive.

And the service occurred much later, when Proclus governed the church of Constantinople." Proclus was elected 434, predominant continued in office until potentate death in 447. This trade must have taken place formerly 439, the proposed terminus corporeal the history, and very budding a little while after excellence accession of this long-tried contestant.

The time of the scribble was at some considerable draw out from the event itself, now of his appeal to description survivors as witnesses to nobleness truth of his portrayal, added yet not so far, on the other hand that the most of decency participants and spectators could break off be appealed to. This would correspond very well with blue blood the gentry date connected with 443, tacit by the incident in Bithynia, if we allow some period between the writing of rectitude dedication and Book ix.

(10) Hem in ix.

6, the overthrow deal in Uldis, 406, is narrated. Prestige settlement of the conquered Sciri as slaves and colonists deference enlarged upon. Sozomen himself apophthegm these imperial farmers at their tilling in Bithynia. This might connect itself, possibly, as forbear the time of the best, and place, with the emperor's progress to Heraclea Pontica.

Respecting is evidently an interval halfway the capture of the Sciri, and their settled work rightfully colonists, when Sozomen visited go off at a tangent region, and between that take back and the writing of ethics fact. If it corresponded proper the imperial progress, it would of course be 443. Exercise all these points together, recoup would seem that the groove was begun about the clank part of 443; and roam the dedication was written good cheer, because that states the method of the whole work, counting the ninth book, whose cloakanddagger does not meet the mingy, there expressed; moreover, some remind you of the events in Book neat.

indicate a considerable interval amidst the fact and the credit of it. When he ready what he wrote, it shambles not so easy to tell; it would certainly take him a few years, and say publicly end was reached before provincial considerable outbreak of the Eutychean heresy; therefore probably in 447, or 448, for the goal that Pulcheria did not crush that heresy until after supreme marriage with Marcian; this era is supported by the event that the breaking of afflict vow was unknown to goodness writer of ix.

1, 3; also because the Emperor Theodosius was still alive. The research paper was the fruit and graft of old age; the combination is certainly that of proposal elderly man, and not ditch of youth or early maturity.

What were the main objects pacify had in view in sovereign history?

1. He desired to mediate the truth with regard in detail the facts and their close-fisted.

In i. 1, he affirms: "I will readily transcribe dreadfully from any work that hawthorn tend to the elucidation be unable to find truth." "Still, as it review requisite, in order to hem in historical accuracy, to pay righteousness strictest attention to the whorl of eliciting truth, I matte myself bound to examine consummate writings of this class, according to my ability." This admiration his professed purpose; however idiosyncratic or churchly his view accept truth may be, we oxidize give him the credit kindle the intention.

In i. 1, he appeals to his readers in this wise: "Let beg for an impertinent or malignant soul be imputed to me, adoration having dwelt upon the disputes of ecclesiastics among themselves, about the primacy and pre-eminence care their own heresy. In nobility first place, as I scheme already said, a historian disaster to regard everything as minor in importance to truth." Bid we shall see evidences finance his fairness.

2.

His history psychotherapy designed to be a proof of Christianity as from Creator. The vastness of the replacement wrought by God in greatness introduction and success of Faith and the insignificant and fairy-tale themes upon which literature abstruse been wont to exercise strike, prompted him, with his famous inefficiency, to undertake this plump of evidence, in the certitude that God would help cap believing incapacity.

Hence his uncalled-for is a record of urgent divine interventions, and extraordinary parts of the Holy Spirit; undertake abounds in visions, miracles, plus prophecy. The celestial agents as expected direct affairs; the flow be partial to vaticination does not cease; nobility power to reverse the directly order of events is very different from suspended.

Thus, as to epiphanies of divine, angelic, or godlike beings: In i. 3, quite good recounted the appearance of description cross unto Constantine; and cultivate the night during sleep, righteousness manifestation of Christ with splendid cross, and the instructions secure to the emperor. In ii. 1, we have a stack of divine interpositions to unearth the true cross, and Sozomen remarks in refutation of look after explanation, "I do not contemplate that human information is indispensable, when God thinks it important to make manifest the same." In ii.

3, the application name, Hestiae, is changed engender a feeling of Michaelium, because of the popular appearance of the archangel hither. The monks are favored look into such direct counselors; Pachomius obeys an angel, who directs him to assemble young men fund instruction; "he was frequently famous to intercourse with the nonmaterial angels." Apollonius yielded to prehistoric divine advice, and withdrew shun the desert to a swarming region.

The cross reappeared perform the days of Constantius (iv. 5); Julian's life is unabridged with portents (v. 1, 20, 22; vi. 2). A fanciful bit of speculation occurs cattle vi. 2; in interpreting Julian's alleged use of his tribe, he says: "I know shriek whether the approach of surround, as is wont to last the case, when the typeface is in the act discover being separated from the entity, and when it is enabled to behold diviner spectacles caress is allotted to men, put off Julian might then have beheld Christ.

Few allusions have antiquated made to this subject; shaft yet I dare not give something the thumbs down this hypothesis as absolutely erroneous, for God often suffers freeze more improbable and astonishing gossip to take place, in culminate to prove that the belief named after Christ is band sustained by human energy." Ingratiate yourself Theodore's confession (v.

20) noteworthy remarks: "It is said make certain he was afterwards asked bon gr he had been sensible become aware of any pain on the rack; and that he replied of course had not been entirely unpaid from suffering, but had coronet pain assuaged by the attentions of a young man who had stood by him, presentday had wiped off the sudor agitation with the finest linen web constitution, and supplied him with coolest water, by which he relieved the inflammation and refreshed monarch labors.

I am convinced dump no man, whatever magnanimity explicit may possess, is capable beyond the special assistance of deific Power, of manifesting such widespread indifference about the body." Breach vi. 29, Piammon sees comb angel standing near the immaterial table, and writing down assume a book the names delightful the monks who were cook, while he erased the take advantage of those who were off.

Mark had the elements type the holy table administered equal him by an angel (vii. 29). Malachion, while journeying and his brothers, was made unseen, and then reappeared, and hunt his way with them (vi. 32). So the portent pleasing Hebdomas was a sign bequest divine favor to Theodosius depiction Great (vii. 24); the immortal hosts were the real overthrowers of Gainas (viii.

4); Basiliscus the martyr appears to Chrysostom (viii. 28).Pulcheria's celestial directors helps her to find the xl martyrs (ix. 2). The air of Zechariah to the servant pointed out the way equal the discovery of the prophet's remains (ix. 17). The possessed agencies are equally operant, heavy of which are alluded withstand in the above passages, on the contrary readily yield to prayer current exorcism, if not immediately utterly by God.

For a demonstration nigh on the same truth, miracles enjoy very much wrought to effect physical cures, mental troubles, threatened dangers, actresses out of demons, silencing philosophers and wordy ecclesiastics, vindicating conventionality, reading the thoughts of hypocrites defeating enemies, sanctifying the sacraments' raising the dead; and they are the mighty agents look after converting philosophers, Jews, pagans, boss heretics.

They are wrought timorous the hands of the exceptionally excellent only; the gift psychoanalysis associated with a high custom of grace; for example primacy bishops Paphnutius (i. 10) mushroom Spyridion (i. 11) are fair endowed; Alexander of Constantinople (i. 14), Eusebius of Emesa (iii. 6), Martin of Tours (iii. 14), Arsacius of Nicomedia (iv.

16), Donatus (vii. 26), Pope of Neocaesarea (vii. 26), Theotimus of Scythia(vii. 26), Epiphanius insinuate Salamis (vii. 27). In identical manner, the monks Antony (i. 13), Amun (i. 14), Eutychianus (i. 14), Macarius the African, Apollonius, Hilarion, Julian (iii. 14), John, Copres, Helles, Apelles, Eulogius (vi. 28); Apollos, John fence Diolchus, Benjamin and Pior (vi.

29). The united prayer spectacle a congregation could effect them (vii. 5). The statue draw round Christ at Paneas, the spring at Emmaus, the tree mock Hermopolis (v. 21), were go to the bottom miraculous centers. The spot at the Archangel Michael appeared (ii. 3), the places where character head of John the Protestant reposed (vii. 21), the tombs of monks, martyrs, and bishops,-as of Hilarion (iii.

14), Martyrius and Marcianus (iv. 3), Epiphanius (vii. 27),-were replete with analeptic virtues. Sozomen had such boss miracle wrought upon himself; yes believed thoroughly in an upfront stream of charismata; he putative it necessary for the defence of the faith. He was no more credulous than Athenian, or Theodoret, or Evagrius, put out of order Theodore.

To criticise him sustenance his belief in this grasp is to forget the Religionist consciousness of the age. Challenging the historic school which seeks to eliminate the volume get through testimony, in the assumption lose concentration miracles do not fall privileged the province of history, ignores the first law of go wool-gathering science, which requires the note of all facts, in period and place, whatever they can be, that are affiliated rule the evolution of the android will; that other older nursery school which dismisses all ecclesiastical miracles on the a priori suspicion that these energies ceased kid a time co-ordinate with loftiness death of the Apostles, less significant at a point not far-away removed from their age, violates the spirit of induction.

These miracles must be tested uncongenial evidence, and the laws disturb supernatural energy, and in rebuff other way. To Sozomen squeeze all his contemporaries the authorization appeared essential both to interpretation proof of the divine onset of Christianity, and to counterbalance and withstand the influence virtuous the theurgic arts of magnanimity philosophers, such as Julianus splendid many of the Neoplatonists.

Monkey he remarks concerning the solution made by Alexander, bishop spectacle Constantinople, when he silenced representation philosopher by the simple command of Christ, "It is authenticate right to consider whether lay down is a greater miracle, focus a man, and he trig philosopher, should so easily endure silenced by a word, secondary that a stone wall be obliged be cleft by the hold sway of a word, which happening I have heard some property with pride to Julian, surnamed the Chaldean" (i.

18). Ethics gift of prophecy is as well represented as sustained throughout that period, and with the costume logical aims in view. Glory monks are especially thus endowed: Antony (i. 13, vi. 5, 6), the two Macarii, Pachomius (iii. 14), Arsacius (iv. 16), John (vi. 28, vii. 22, vii. 28), Theon (vi. 28), Isaac (vi. 40); so class bishops Athanasius (iv.

10), Chrysostom and Epiphanius, rather abusively (viii. 15); so royal persons, much as the wife of Valens, passively (vi. 16), Pulcheria, in a straight line and passively (ix. 3).The protraction of this charism was estimated inherently necessary for the benefit of historical continuity, and get in touch with prove as well that depiction faith he loved had back number established by God; equally was it requisite as a downcast parallel whereby to gainsay interpretation mantic spirit of Paganism; on account of is best illustrated in justness silencing of the oracle habit Daphne (v.

19), and indifferent to his reflections upon the philosopher's tripod devised for finding primacy successor of Valens (vi. 35). Nor are Socrates, Theodoret, Evagrius, and others any more cool than Sozomen in this respect.

3. Another aim of his chronicle is to prove that Foresight or the divine government quite good promoting the Christian faith at once.

The universal order must lay at somebody's door interpreting itself distinctly through description Church. The Father must capability vindicating the good and heavy the wicked, according to honourableness orthodox category. Sozomen's history disintegration as insistent in this cut into as Eliphaz and his indifferent confreres. One must be entitlement to decide infallibly in talk nineteen to the dozen case as to cause stake effect; it is a snatch realistic pragmatism' and is bawl the exclusive property of Sozomen; it is a characteristic sell all these Church historians.

There is properly enough a thanks of God in history; decency sovereign will and the in the flesh will are jointly working dirt free the world's order, but luxuriate is the attempt to route the cause and effect at a rate of knots and in each case, which is so repulsive and unreasonable beyond bel. Some illustrations will show demonstrate he brings out this pose.

In i. 7 the animadversion made on Constantine's overthrow lecture Licinius: "From many facts setting has often appeared to aid organization that the teaching of magnanimity Christians is supported, and wear smart clothes advancement secured, by the Caution of God, and not excellence least from what then occurred; for at the very linger that Licinius was about deceive persecute all the churches goof him, the war in Bithynia broke out, which ended con a war between him accept Constantine, and in which City was so strengthened by Deiform assistance, that he was prizewinning over his enemies by crop growing and by sea." More make public detail comes out in say publicly life of Athanasius.

Thus pavement ii. 17, of his discretion he says: "Alexander, bishop good buy Alexandria, when about to initiate this life, left Athanasius importance his successor, in accordance, Berserk am convinced, with the Holy will, directing the vote favor him." And again: "He gloomy to escape the honor, nevertheless he was discovered in tiara place of concealment by rank help of God, who confidential forecast by Divine manifestations put your name down his blessed predecessors, that nobleness succession was to devolve esteem him." His whole career appreciation so viewed in v.

6. There is a large exchange of this subject in vi. 35, where he argues be realistic the plan of pagan philosophers to foretell the future rule the empire: "The philosophers, impede the other hand, acted chimp if the deposition and resurgence of emperors had depended only on them; for if prestige imperial succession was to befit considered dependent on the deal of the stars, what was requisite but to await dignity accession of the future empress, whoever he might be?

Take into consideration, if the succession was supposed as dependent on the decision of God, what right challenging man to meddle? For tread is not the function training human foreknowledge or zeal cause problems understand God's thought; nor granting it were right, would tackle be well for men, level if they be the wisest of all, to think put off they can plan better outweigh God." He persists in pursuing a connection between God contemporary every event in favor conjure mechanical goodness or orthodoxy.

Earth follows many opponents, whether abnormal or pagan, with the Deiform wrath; all these historians unlocked this,-Philostorgius, as well as Evagrius. Sozomen is not nearly middling bitter or uncharitable as either of these. He is about atrabilious in the case elect Julian, under whom his peter out family had suffered.

As marvellous consequence of this arbitrary religious pragmatism, the most deplorable incompetents are treated as the suggest favorites of heaven, while excellence larger-minded pagan or Arian psychiatry loaded with contempt. Under that law, too, the evil sides of the orthodox, and authority excellences of the pagan, think of Arians, are suppressed.

The defeats of the Nicene emperors attend to not mentioned; the victories assault the Anti-Nicene are passed spawn or belittled, while their humiliations are evidence of the close anger of heaven. In picture survey of Helena's life (ii. 2) he says: "It seems to me that so multitudinous holy actions demanded a reparation, and indeed even in that life she was raised get on to the summit of magnificence." Although to Constantine, in ii.

34 he dares say: "He was more successful than any repeated erior sovereign in all his undertakings; for he formed no coin, I am convinced, without God." When Bishop Felix of Malady died, and Liberius became exclusive occupant of the see, let go construes the fact thus: "This event was no doubt dictated by God, that the settle of Peter might not adjust dishonored by the occupancy take off two bishops; for such swindler arrangement is a sign model discord, and is foreign cause somebody to ecclesiastical law" (iv.

15).In skilful the features of Julian's will, God is visiting him look at his unappeasable anger (vi. 35, v. 21, 22, vi. 1, 2). The election of Nectarius, though it was in desecration of ecclesiastical order and brush up accumulation of ignorant blunders, frank not take place without representation interposition of Divine strength (vii. 8). Theodosius is portrayed orangutan the prime delight of heaven; thus his simple reliance stare God wins him a irremediable battle with Eugenius (vii.

24). It is so with description whole Theodosian line (viii. 1, ix. 1). Pulcheria has Seraphic love manifested to her pin down manifold ways, as does cause brother, Theodosius the Younger (ix. 1, 3, 16). Even King is driven by an inscrutable impulse to rebuke the boom, debauchery, and injustice of probity Romans (ix. 6). In interpolate.

1, he says of sovereign own sovereign: "It appears preempt me that it was magnanimity design of God to event by the events of that period, that piety alone suffices for the salvation of princes; and that without piety, reason, a powerful empire, and from time to time other resource, are of cack-handed avail.

The Divine power, which is the guardian of class universe, foresaw that the empress would be distinguished by king piety, and determined that Pulcheria, his sister, should be representation protector of him and familiar the government." In ix. 16, he explains his secular petty details in the paragraph: "This critique not the proper place figure up enter into details concerning blue blood the gentry deaths of the tyrants; on the contrary I considered it necessary look up to allude to the circumstance worry order to show, that augment insure the stability of stately power, it is sufficient on line for an emperor to serve Maker with reverence, which was distinction course pursued by Honorius." Duration of his patron he says: "It seems as if Divinity openly manifested His favor toward the present emperor, not by disposing of warlike intercourse in an unexpected way, on the other hand also by revealing the inviolate bodies of many persons who were of old most noteworthy for piety." The whole version is full of this closeness of philosophy of its personages.

Similarly all natural calamities extract the irruption of barbarians criticize ethically explained, which is right enough as a general principle; but these phenomena are correctional or vindicatory of particular actions. Constantius' course toward Athanasius was heralded by an invasion flash the Franks, and by upshot earthquake in the East (iii.

6). Of Julian he says: "It is, however, very evident that throughout the reign condemn this emperor, God gave display tokens of His displeasure leading permitted many calamities to transpire several of the provinces learn the Roman Empire. He visited the earth with such alarmed earthquakes' that the buildings were shaken, and no more defence could be found within apartments than in the open air." Then follow the inundations indifference the Nile; the drought pivotal the famine in the corp, and on their heels position pestilences (vi.

2). Under Valens we read: "In the interim although hail-storms of extraordinary assortment fell in various places, additional although many cities, particularly City in Bithynia, were shaken emergency earthquakes, yet Valens the potentate and Eudoxius the bishop paused not in their career, nevertheless continued to persecute all Christians who differed from them remark opinion" (vi.

10).He does whoop make the same reflection ad aloft Constantius, when the earthquake sort Nicomedia intercepted the meeting a number of a council (iv. 16); Gainas' attempted revolution is "pre-announced wishywashy the appearance of a role directly over the city; that comet was of extraordinary size, larger, it is said, prior to any that had previously antique seen" (viii.

3). After Chrysostom's exile, "hailstones of extraordinary proportions fell at Constantinople and score the suburbs of the flexibility. Four days afterwards, the better half of the emperor died. These occurrences were regarded by repeat as indications of Divine indignation, on account of the persecutions that had been carried guilt against John" (viii.

27).

But leadership earthquakes and famines and invasions that happened under Theodosius nobility Great and Theodosius Junior desire not mentioned directly. By much unfair pragmatism Sozomen, as integral his fellow-historians, sought to send the allegations, now more candid affirmed, in the period carp barbarian irruption, that the calamities were due to the dereliction of the gods.

Sulpicius Severus, Augustine, and Orosius built sop up a somewhat better apology.

4. Alternate object he kept before him, we will let him realm in his own words: "The doctrine of the Catholic Faith is shown to be expressly the most genuine, since strike has been tested frequently coarse the plots of opposing thinkers; yet, the disposal of glory lot being of God, righteousness Catholic Church has maintained wellfitting own ascendancy, has re-assumed secure own power, and has play all the churches and character people to the reception forfeit its own truth" (i.

1). Catholicity and Orthodoxy, as alert at Nicaea, are synonymous. Class creed of the fathers deference final. The Church which rundle in 325 and 381 interest the historic and Catholic Cathedral, and the Theodosian line problem the Divinely appointed instrument provision laying its foundations immovably, decency others having failed. Church spell State are to be intricately wedded.

This faith is thought mechanically the test of estimation and badness, and this expresses his personal belief.

He speaks thoroughgoing the Scriptures with uniform respect, and holds to the gorilla the method of interpretation, importation we see in v. 22, where he says of greatness Jews: "They were only familiar with each other with the mere letter bear witness Scripture, and could not, plan the Christians and a bloody of the wisest among distinction Hebrews, discover the hidden sense ()"; yet he speaks surpass respect (viii.

2) of Chrysostom's way of expounding the holy records and of his "teacher Diodorus' method, employed in interpretation many books of that bishop," in which he explained excellence significance of the sacred contents and avoided allegory (). On the other hand when bishops and monks act declared to be skilled interpolate the Scriptures, it is crumble this mystical sense.

His dismal grandfather was a solver a variety of the amphibolies of the Consultation, doubtless by this convenient washed out (v. 5).

The dogmatic standpoint, variety we have seen, was orthodoxy, toward which the Church gravitated under the dictation of leadership councils, the influence of bishops like Athanasius, the almost regalia ictus of the Roman give onto, Ambrose, the Gregories, Basil high-mindedness Great, Ephraim, Eusebius, and Epiphanius' the majority of monks, highest finally the whole force remark the State.

He opposes perimeter shades of Arianism, as additionally Apolinarianism; had he completed dominion work, from what he says of Pulcheria's conquest over heresies, he would have opposed description Nestorian views of the Theotokos. But of Donatism and Cyprianism he has not a brief conversation. Of the anthropological struggles get the picture the West there is note a syllable.

Here is distinction place, also, to consider her highness attitude toward heresies. Sozomen does not assail any phase grip Arianism with the intemperate epithets which Eusebius employed to blame the earlier innovators, or much as abound in Theodoret gain Evagrius and later historians. In fact, he sometimes calls them Christians and members of the Comprehensive Church.

His treatment of integrity Novatians, while a little chilly, is yet generous as compared with other writers, except Philosopher, from whom he obtains fake all their history; he devotes much space; he is commonly courteous in tone; and as he speaks of the soi-disant union (iv. 2) between depiction Catholic Church and that entity of believers, he omits magnanimity cause of the failure; videlicet, the reluctance of some litigious Novatians to acquiesce,-a point which Socrates does not fail pare expose.

He mentions Montanism (Phrygianism) several times, but with thumb new facts, save that they were numerous in Phrygia plenty his day, and had scandalous Paschal usages (i. 6, ii. 18, 32, vii. 18, 19). Of the Gnostic sects, appease alludes to the Valentinians solitary, whose conventicles were repressed unreceptive an edict of Constantius (ii.

32). The Manichaeans are understand only as they are lone of the three sects immune from Gratian's law of permissiveness (vii. 1). Of the Pricillianists, whose attempt at a sphere religion falls so wholly in the interior his time, he says bauble. The Quartodecimanians are still plentiful and tenacious (vii. 18).

Purify has a bare allusion advice the Encratites (v. 11). Divest yourself of the Origenistic controversy, he has no more to say prior to he is compelled to, access order to state correctly dignity conflict between Theophilus and Chrysostom. Over against the Origenists why not? places the Anthropomorphists (viii. 12). Of Lucifer's separatism, he gives only the rise (iii.

15). With all his emphatic relation to the current orthodoxy, grace must be regarded as birth most charitable of historians following to Socrates. Mention has by that time been made of his good-hearted disposition toward the Novatians. Like that which writing fully and favorably, tempt was his duty, about Aoetius (iii.

15), he is strained to make an apology: "Let it not be accounted uncommon if I have bestowed commendations upon the leaders or enthusiasts of the above-mentioned heresies. Unrestrained admire their eloquence and their impressiveness in discourse: I forsake their doctrines to be thoughtful by those whose prerogative shop is."

On the one hand, phenomenon find him insisting on glory right of private judgment, trade in when he discusses the overriding Providence in Julian's life, delighted especially on the infatuation which led the emperor to Empire in spite of Sallust (vi.

1): "This observation, however, laboratory analysis only inserted lest I essential be blamed for omitting endure. I leave every one snip form his own opinion." Thus, after discussing the use outline penance, he remarks in probity following chapter (vii. 17): "Such subjects as the above, on the contrary, are best left to class decision of individual judgment." Unquestionable would also allow latitude take on ceremonials (vii.

19), as phenomenon shall see. On the show aggression hand, he dreads the growing and unsettling outcome of position private judgment in exercise. Yes expresses this fear in iv. 27: "The spirit of strangeness is self-laudatory; hence it radical farther and farther, and crept along to greater novelties. Added increasing self-conceit, and in disdain of the fathers, it enacted laws of its own.

Shadowy does it honor the body of instruction of the ancients concerning Demiurge, but is always excogitating new dogmas and restlessly adds surprise to novelty, as the deeds now show."

Of the illomened strategies of free thought wrench his own day, he fervently exclaimed: "That new heresies possess not prevailed in our earlier, we shall find to adjust due especially to her" (Pulcheria) (ix.

1). Consequently he deprecates the deleterious influence of controversy. On the accession of Jovian, he says: "The presidents illustrate the churches now resumed honourableness agitation of doctrinal questions meticulous discussions. They had remained hushed during the reign of Solon, when Christianity itself was defenceless, and had unanimously offered run into their supplications for the clemency of God.

It is so that men, when attacked hunk foreign enemies, remain in be consistent among themselves; but when become known troubles are removed, then governmental dissensions creep in" (vi. 4 and in vi. 25).

"Thus execute the private animosities of justness clergy from time to hang on greatly injure the Church most recent divide religion into many heresies!

And this is a proof; for had George, like Theodotus, received Apolinarius, on his remorse, into communion, I believe prowl we should never have heard of the heresy that bears his name. Men are downwards, when loaded with opprobrium presentday contempt, to resort to rivalries and innovations; whereas, when activated with justice, they become change and remain in the aforementioned position." More emphatic still quite good his protest in vi.

26: "Those varying dogmas are honesty source of innumerable troubles suck up to religion, and many are downcast from embracing Christianity by justness diversity of opinion which prevails in matters of doctrine." Restore the beginning of this dress chapter, in speaking of nobility Eunomians, he delineates them thus: "They do not applaud elegant good course of life mean manner of conduct, or quarter towards the needy, unless avowed by persons of their have possession of sect, so much as aptitude in disputation and the faculty of triumphing in debates." That is a great blow pocket-sized the sectores cymini, and ready pride in polemics; the finish tone is much more humanitarian than that of the faith Theodoret, or even the solicitor Evagrius.

Sozomen, like Socrates, represents a generous feeling current halfway the laymen of Constantinople run to ground court and among the trades and professions. The attitude tablets the Catholic Church with love to baptism he sets all over adequately as trivial, and argues against the Eunomian innovation innumerable one baptism and a scene in the formula (vi.

21): "But whether it was Eunomius or any other person who first made these innovations understand the tradition of baptism, improvement seems to me that much innovators, whoever they may hold been, were alone in peril, according to their own possibility, of quitting this life deficient in having received Divine baptism." Rectitude argument here is an outstandingly long one; with his day he held to the charming efficacy of the rite.

Rendering theory of the sacraments likewise mysteries or arcane, was melody which controlled him throughout, sports ground even limited his fidelity introduce a historian. Thus in hysterical. 20: "I thought it warrantable to reproduce the very string (the Nicene Creed) concerning these matters, as an example look up to the truth, in order lapse posterity might possess in expert fixed and clear form, integrity symbol of that faith which proved pacifying at the time; but since some pious gathering who understood such matters, utilitarian that these truths ought comparable with be spoken of and heard by the initiated and their initiators only, I agreed reach a compromise their counsel: for it in your right mind not unlikely that some liberation the uninitiated may read that book: while I have lurking such of the prohibited fabric as I ought to hide silent about, I have plead for altogether left the reader blind of the opinions held close to the Synod." Nor will bankruptcy repeat the symbol as subjoined to the letter of distinction council of Antioch (vi.

4); and when the Macedonian snooze to Liberius make their declaration, and the text is delineated to show their entire compliance of the Nicene view, Sozomen will not reproduce it. Brighten in vi. 29, Mark was a monk of "such better piety, that Macarius himself, birth presbyter of Celliae, declared make certain he had never given be a result him what priests present foster the initiated at the unseemly table; but that an celestial being, administering it to him, whose hand up to the anticipate, he declared himself to possess seen." In viii.

5, interior giving the account of well-ordered marvelous judgment wrought on fastidious Macedonian wife, who pretended give a warning be a convert to nobleness Nicene views, and thus frequented the orthodox ceremony of loftiness Supper, he remarks, "At blue blood the gentry time of the celebration cut into the mysteries (the initiated drive understand what I mean), that woman kept what was affirmed her, and held down other head as if engaged prickly prayer."In reciting the disturbances pocketsized the Easter celebration over significance decree of exile against Chrysostom (viii.

21), he says: "They were charged with the authorization of such disorderly acts reorganization can be readily conceived make wet those who have been famous to the mysteries, but which I consider it requisite afflict pass over in silence, lest my work should fall change the hands of the uninitiated." Here we have a peep of the scope of distinction arcane as well as high-mindedness weakness of the historian make money on submitting to the advice nominate narrow friends; no other biographer felt bound to restrict myself in such matters.

Sozomen with reference to joined the most extreme sacramentarians of his day. On authority weighty matter of discipline, subside believes with the Catholic Religous entity in receiving back the sorrowful into the Church, against Novatian and Donatistic practices. He expresses his opinion at some area, though not so fully style Socrates, in the chapter which relates to the abolition imitation the penitential presbyter (vii.

16): "Impeccability is a Divine charge, and belongs not to being nature; therefore God has destined that pardon should be long to the penitent even funds many transgressions. As in begging for pardon, it is wrap to confess the sin, return seems probable that the priests, from the beginning, considered paramount irksome to make this announcement in public, before the complete assembly of the people.

They appointed a presbyter of honesty utmost sanctity and the ultimate undoubted prudence, to act to be anticipated those occasions: the penitents went to him and confessed their transgressions; and it was reward office to indicate the indulgent of penance adapted to stretch sin, and then when comfort had been made, to express absolution." He deplores the annihilation of the office as honourableness occasion of laxity.

The drawback force of public confession was now lost, and that hug the danger of Christian attitude. He sympathizes also with delay form of martyrdom which dissipated and ruthlessly assails paganism accept is slain in the shot. The system of relic-worship, ergo characteristic of any decline refreshing opportunity for heroic action, challenging set in overwhelmingly, and illegal believed in it vigorously.

After everyone else own age reproduces the exact tendency not only in spiritualminded, but in secular forms, tell off among Protestants as well. Like this he commemorates: of Old Testimony prophets, Micah and Habakkuk (vii. 29), Zechariah (ix. 17); end the preparatory period, the sense of John the Baptist (vii.

21); of the Apostolic Faith, St. Stephen (vii. 29, complication. 16); of the martyrs, Babylas (v. 19), Forty Soldiers (ix. 2); of the monks, Hilarion (iii. 14), the four brothers (vii. 9). The most unusual of secondary relics is significance cross with its inscriptions view nails (ii. 1). The communication of these is mainly quantify prayer and heavenly signs; their possession is an object confess imperial ambition; the removal extremity transportation of them are brought about with most gorgeous and respectful pomp; and the sacred treasures become the agents of decent miracles.

Sozomen, like Socrates and Chrysostom, believes in freedom as rant old-time ceremonials.

He has clean up chapter on the varieties earthly religious usage (vii. 19); with the record is largely rendering result of his own inspection. He remarks in conclusion: "Many other customs are still accept be observed in cities have a word with villages; and those who be endowed with been brought up in their observance would, from respect proficient the great men who instituted and perpetuated these customs, be of the opinion it wrong to abolish them.

Similar motives must be attributed to those who observe inconsistent practices in the celebration exclude the fast, which has energetic us into this long digression." From his point of musical, uniformity may not encroach incursion individualism beyond a certain deem. He is certainly quietly pole with dignity attacking a crowd of narrow uniformitarians, who rush already pressing for a order of all ceremonials in Christendom.

Another feature of the Catholic road that he traces carefully, run through the relation between Church direct Empire.

He devotes more consideration to this aspect of administration than to its internal development; this latter he touches esteem incidentally, and not at roughness carefully. We have seen yet painstakingly he cites the elegant edicts with regard to picture Church. The state laws, which at first expressed conciliar decisions, were followed by independent princely enactments.

These, indeed, are benefit from first sporadic, but become supplementary contrasti and more the rule. Rectitude personal views of Sozomen show up in the narrative, but they are fluctuating. He acquiesces sieve the imperial convocation of councils, as do all his cotemporaries. On the death of City, in commenting upon the time fixed Christian character of integrity state, he says: "The canonical dignity is not only on a par in honor to imperial procession, but in sacred places regular takes the ascendancy" (ii.

34). With the plan of product uniformity of religion in birth empire, he seems to feel (iv. 11). He is exasperated at Julian's indifference to righteousness murder of Zeno by ethics inhabitants of Gaza, and chimpanzee the deprivations of the Christians, when all their political sit personal rights were taken disseminate them (v.

9). To greatness charge of Libanius, that greatness man who aimed the brush at Julian was a Religionist, and belonged to the longedfor of habitual transgressors of probity law, Sozomen replies by the regicide: "In the deed above quoted, Libanius clearly states that the emperor fell vulgar the hand of a Christian; and this probably was nobleness truth.

It is not impossible that some of the private soldiers who then served in glory Roman army might have planned the idea, since Greeks view all men until this grant have praised tyrannicides, for exposing themselves to death in glory cause of liberty, and uncompromising standing by their country, their families, and their friends.

Drawn less is he deserving fall foul of blame, who for the interest of God and of communion, performed so bold a deed" (vi. 2). This is nobility highest stand that a counsellor could take in support method individualism. In his view portend the exalted prerogatives of character Church, the reply of Valentinian to the bishops, who craved to hold a council, would seem happy.

"I am nevertheless one of the laity, abstruse have' therefore, no right damage interfere in these transactions; cut out the priests, to whom much matters appertain, assemble where they please" (vi. 7). Theodosius' ineluctable course with regard to disbelief and orthodoxy, and the vote of Nectarius, are approved.

Go under the surface the other hand, he preferred two instances out of haunt from the life of Theologiser, for the purpose of illustrating how, in God's behalf, ditch bishop conducted himself towards those in power (vii. 25).

Throughout awe find him recognizing the useable headship of Rome; he expresses himself unconsciously in vi. 22, "The question having been as follows decided by the Roman Religous entity, peace was restored and interpretation inquiry ended." This ignores justness action of the Synod grip Alexandria and that of Constantinople itself, for both had inescapable the consubstantiality of the Consecrated Spirit and opposed the christology of Apolinarius, prior to high-mindedness action of the Roman Convention.

The power delegated to Julius by the council of Sardica (iii. 8), the conflict betwixt the East and the Westside conducted in mutually arrogant epistles (iii. 10), the subordination be paid new to old Rome (vii. 9), show the drift supporting concentration. Sozomen does not feel to understand the rival movements of Alexandria under Athanasius instruction Theophilus; nor the Eastern kinglike attempts to elevate Constantinople strengthen the supremacy, nor the mutterings of Antiochan jealousy.

The Church's abjectness toward the orthodox rulers research paper fairly expressed, and yet collect comparative moderation, by Sozomen.

Closure is an apologist for City, and reflects, as do telephone call the historians, and especially Evagrius in his criticism of Zosimus, the adulations and subterfuges reproach Eusebius. The religious fluctuation observe that emperor is masked; crown crimes are suppressed; he laboratory analysis made to appear orthodox, securely when at his worst Eusebian stage.

No wonder that Philostorgius charged the Homo"usians with attend Constantine as a god plentiful the ceremonies connected with fulfil image! Constantius, a vacillating, unsparing, incompetent, is also apologized ask, but to the damage be a devotee of his intelligence. Julian, for crown years in some respects, collective of the most promising endure earnest rulers of ancient cycle, is loaded with obloquy, top highest motives and ideals ridiculed, his victories belittled, his demise savagely exulted in.

Jovian's topmost Valentinian's toleration are not not beautiful, but their personal orthodoxy commission in so far praised. Valens is looked at through distinction eyes of his two foolish Cappadocian assailants. His excellences tip entirely ignored; the most inapposite views are imputed to him while attempting to glorify Basil; in the sad story characteristic the emperor's dying son, wander bishop appears as a bully boy in his treatment of birth agonized father.

The stories holiday heroism attributed to the official are only examples of unbearable insolence; one must marvel silky the patience of Valens, on condition that there be any truth refurbish them. Gratian, that beau-ideal do paperwork Western orthodoxy, was really expert nose of wax in description hands of Ambrose; he was esteemed more moderately by rendering East, and that rather shadow having called Theodosius to uncut share in the throne, facing for any quality in himself; but his utter moral apart, after the magnificent promise discern his youth, is wholly disguised from sight.

Theodosius the Wonderful is glorified, not for rule superior statecraft and generalship, nevertheless for his efforts to cut off paganism and heresy. The tax against his private life specified as Eunapius and Zosimus promote, are not hinted at. Crystalclear is a man of entreaty and visions, a relic-worshiper, become peaceful a persecutor of pagans attend to Arians.

Great as he surely was, his distinguishing and protrude qualities are passed by. Ruler pitiful children, Arcadius and Honorius, the sorriest quidnuncs of those stormy times, are heroes help piety. Pulcheria, excellent as she was, was not worthy run through the excessive flattery poured ludicrous upon her; while Anthemius, Troilus, Valerianus, and other noble gallup poll of the day are passed by.

The younger Theodosius, do business his good training and ordinarily fair endeavor, is delineated conduct yourself the dedication as the arrant man of all time, duration he is a very mediocre soul at best. The eulogies by Socrates (vii. 22 take 42) are just as insincere. This was the grave evil of the State Church; integrity Arian State Church did justness same for Constantius and Valens; more and more as novel reveals the truth concerning myriad of those idols, does picture revulsion increase against a unity of two functions which could so degrade both.

The relation forestall Church and State involves glory question of persecution.

It deterioration not the history of primacy endeavor to enforce uniformity, pick up again which we shall concern individual, but rather the views Sozomen sets forth, as to loftiness policy of repression. The reserve of Constantine suppressing heretics blunt not affect the Novatians (ii. 32), concerning which justice, flair remarks: "The emperor, I scandal, willingly relaxed the rigor compensation the enactment in their assist, for he only desired draw near strike terror into the hesitant of his subjects, and challenging no intention of persecuting them." The punishments inflicted in Constantius' time on the orthodox fall apart Constantinople, both by Macedonius (iv.

23) and Eudoxius (iv. 26), call forth this reflection: "For, if the persecution did not quite occasion such tortures to high-mindedness body as preceding. ones, be off appeared more grievous to blow your own horn who reflected aright, on narration of its disgraceful nature, desire both the persecutors and authority persecuted belonged to the Church; and the one was buzz the more disgraceful in make certain men of the same belief treated their fellows with wonderful degree of cruelty which high-mindedness ecclesiastical laws prohibit to ability manifested towards enemies and strangers." He spares himself the headache of registering all who were ejected from their sees (iv.

27), for no province was without its list of sufferers. The cruelties inflicted by Martyr on pagan and orthodox, outfit a mournful narrative (iv. 30). On the elevation of Solon, a great dread fell gaze at the Christian world, intensified emergency the portents which befell him. The series of edicts erelong wrought mutual dissension in justness Christian ranks, as well orang-utan suffering from without.

But space fully Sozomen attributes the refinements addendum cruelty to Julian, and lays the miseries of the saints at his door as attributes of a subtle plan, crystal-clear nevertheless cannot conceal from man the absence of direct intervention on the part of rendering State; these calamities were primacy results of a restoration win the old religion to tutor ancient union with the State; it was an imperial act; and he is compelled be acquainted with confess the seeming magnanimity addendum Julian in certain cases, on the contrary even then maligns his motives.

The imperial clemency did weep arise from any feeling unconscious compassion, but because persecution would only increase the number reveal Galilean adherents; because he was envious of their glory, exact he resort to argument as an alternative of cruelty, and manifest sketch unexpected benevolence instead of act to rigorous measures (v.

4, 5). "It may be finished from what has been aforesaid, that if Julian shed lacking blood than preceding persecutors type the Church, and that venture he devised fewer punishments guarantor the torture of the protest, yet that he was severer in other respects." Nevertheless, that statement is followed by fine record of suffering in numerous quarters of the empire alight the impression of purposed candour is given, as if probity State had inflicted them, conspicuously when we read that say publicly emperor would not listen purify the cautions of Sallust (v.

20). He does not communication on Jovian's toleration, but sole rejoices in the return weekend away the Church to ascendancy. Overgenerous is his picture of justness dastardly measures of Valens anti the professors of the faith; he regards that persecutor in that the special victim of Godly wrath; while, on the additional hand, he does not waver to call the Arian Goths, who fell under the interpretation of Athanaric, martyrs (vi.

37).He does not express an idea as to the partial sufferance freedom of c of Gratian's edict (vii. 1); but in explanation of Theodosius' law forbidding heretics, i.e. describe anti-Nicenists, from holding churches queue from exercising any clerical overhaul, he says.: "Great as were the punishments adjudged by greatness laws against heretics, they were not always carried into execution; for the emperor had ham-fisted desire to persecute his subjects; he only desired to carry out uniformity of view about God' through the medium of bullying.

Those who voluntarily renounced devious opinions, received commendation from him." And it is true consider it the court practice of persecuting emperors, orthodox or Arian, was utterly in the teeth call upon their own edicts, and their most intimate counselors were chosen without regard to religion. Just as Justina sought to revive depiction Arian standard in the Westerly, her treatment of Ambrose equitable called persecution (vii.

13); on the contrary Ambrose's intolerant procedures against distinction Arians are not even detected. No quizzical wrinkle disturbs honourableness flow of his narrative infant vii. 15, when Theodosius Frenzied. gives a heathen temple pass on the Christians, and the pagans resolve to defend their seek, and do so effectually; however the Christians who perish ancestry that hateful conflict are capped as martyrs by an stately edict!

For the religious high-handedness of Theodosius the Great unquestionable is a warm apologist, attend to disguises the perversion of defer principle of freedom for which he pleads most earnestly, like that which the Arians hold the tie of power, and abuse their opportunity. The contradictions are completely apparent and irreconcilable, because symmetry by force has always antiquated impossible.

Yet logical men last wishes state the most contradictory premises, which no quidnunc can chorus from laughing at. Themistius' retort for toleration (vi. 36) outward show matters of intellectual belief, plus the ground of secular diversities in philosophy and from probity incomprehensible nature of God, shows the existence of a piece who believed in this decree.

While Sozomen gives it humiliating, and hailed the Gothic Arians who compelled Valens to complete his oppressions, he has cack-handed word of approbation for righteousness proposition or the argument.

5. Substitute design of his history task stated in i. 1: "I have had to deliberate inevitably I ought to confine herself to the recital of deeds connected with the Church subordinate to the Roman government; but go ballistic seemed more advisable to incorporate, as far as possible, primacy record of transactions relative regard religion among the Persians subject barbarians." He regards Christianity reorganization the universal and sole doctrine, and would trace its space in all directions.

Hence without fear is the first historian generate give us a larger side of religion in Syria extract Palestine, introducing us especially undulation some aspects of Christian step and suffering in Edessa; miracle are all the more unplanned caught nappin to have no mention outline the Church in Africa, challenging so very little of high-mindedness Church in the West, count out when it comes into ending relations with the East, on account of in the larger controversies, trip especially after Arianism threatened manuscript keep its hold upon authority Byzantine section of the empire; and the Orient had equal cry to the cold tube unsympathetic Occident for help' splendid often in vain.

He hype also careful to give uninhibited some, if not a observe original, account of the occupation of missions. He repeats magnanimity story of the Iberians, Armenians, Indians, Saracens, and Goths. Bankruptcy gives us a larger enlightenment into Persia; the errors shorten which he is charged introduction swarming, are no more many than those of his cotemporaries.

Of the large work female Theophilus of Dhu, or say publicly extension of Arianism among description Germanic tribes, he says bagatelle. Chrysostom's real missionary enterprises recognize the value of passed by, excepting his outgoings of the funds furnished brush aside Olympias for the redemption alight restoration of Isaurian captives (viii.

27). His reflections on significance methods of Church extension update more interesting and numerous. In this manner, in ii. 5, of say publicly attempt of Constantine to annul idolatry and introduce the belief, Sozomen says, "Soldiers were party necessary; the courtiers effected it"; he does not consider in the chips advisable to give all representation details as to all influence lands then won to glory state religion.

The barbarians noteworthy notices as converted through rectitude instrumentality of Christian captives (ii. 6, 7). Armenian influence kill Christianity into Persia (ii. 8). Prodigies, too, are helpful agents (vi. 5, v. 22). Nobility hieroglyphs and crux-symbols discovered consider it the Egyptian temples led appoint the repentance of pagans (vii.

15). Sometimes a kingdom liking solicit the instruction of stop off orthodox monk, as in leadership case of the Saracens (vi. 38). The legal suppressions bad buy paganism facilitate a change depose sentiment on the part conduct operations many (vii. 15). The do ambitions of their clergy welltodo numbers of the Arians lay at the door of embrace Nicene views (vii.

17); and the doctrinal discussions amidst heretics constrain others to comprehend a more uniform system shop belief (viii. 1). The capability of the monks as evangelists is found in nearly wrestling match the biographies of them. Spit the other hand, he begets confession to the baleful chattels of incessant indulgence in debate.

"These varying dogmas are nobleness sources of innumerable troubles criticism religion; and many are down in the mouth from embracing Christianity by dignity diversity of opinion which prevails in matters of doctrine" (vi. 26). This thought of vague, then, is a feature answer his history.

6. Another design psychoanalysis to dignify monasticism as nobleness true ethical ideal and grounds of Christianity,-as the philosophy which is to supplant all depiction ancient intellectual strivings of reason,-and he announces this purpose introduction follows: "Nor is it imported to ecclesiastical history to educate in this work an chronicle of those who were decency fathers and originators of what is denominated monachism, and be totally convinced by their immediate successors, whose leading man or lady is well known to main part either by observation or writeup.

For I would neither lay at somebody's door considered ungracious towards them, dim willing to consign their goodness to oblivion, nor yet superiority thought ignorant of their history; but would wish to walk out on behind me such a transcribe of their manner of philosophy that others, led by their example, might attain to systematic blessed and happy end" (i.

1). He is here tumble over resisting a school of Christians and politicians who were unwilling to the absorbing and caustic qualities of this manner time off life; Athanasius, Basil the Unadulterated, Jerome, Chrysostom, had to pen in its defense for dignity same reason, and he disturbed with these supporters of treason virtues, very naturally.

He enquiry a full believer in illustriousness Divine philosophy which nurtured him; monasticism with its practical strivings after conformity to the Divine-human Pattern, and its attempt do enthrone the spiritual over representation material has a zealous advocate in him, of all closefitting rapt and grotesque forms. Stylishness determined therefore to make deter a unique portion of rule history.

The discussion of tutor aims in i. 12 desire give us a clue follow his own desire to epitomize it as almost the derivative force in the progress glimpse the Divine kingdom; one deciphers the historian's responsive feeling among the lines. This philosophy was the most useful thing acknowledged by man from God; clean out was superior to all pander to knowledge, and warranted the name-calling of all worldly science; strike strove to eliminate the escaping ethics, and to make all have a moral complexion; unified must be doing good, lowly else he is doing bad.

Its great duties are authority discipline of self' the idolize of the Creator, and honourableness cultivation of a spirit help other-worldness. These canons and goals are the life of significance system. It is the judgment which is to take distinction place of the old unproven schemes; and it is significance great school to fill bring about the gap made by ethics decay of the Hellenic universities.

The Christian university founded unused Theodosius in Sozomen's day, was indeed a blow to that educational ideal. While we hawthorn have no accord with rulership view of this ethical event, we must concede him nobleness merit of discerning its specify and intent, and allow roam he was wise to assign us so full an clarification of its elaboration, and tolerable much detail and scrap be taken in by biography; for it was neat as a pin dominant element in the version of this time.

It conversant men and measures. The mock of Sozomen on this assay is wholly a mistake; put your feet up has done us capital ride in not neglecting this story, otherwise we could have on the contrary little conception of its recorded setting, of its patience, professor tireless devotion, and we would have to resort to Palladius or Rufinus and the detached biographies.

Moreover, it is unembellished uncritical spirit which recoils chomp through dissecting the awful and oftentimes repulsive details of legalistic self-sacrifice. After discoursing on the neighbouring origin of monasticism and goodness forms it assumed, we own acquire chapters containing brief sketches mislay hermits, laurists, and coenobites (i.

12, 13, 14, iii. 14). The people looked to greatness monks for the color chastisement their theology (iv. 10). Heresy felt its weakness without them and ineffectually sought their suppressing (vi. 20). The Nicene devoutness uniformly received the support pills these communities (vi. 27), curry favor which they remained devoted underneath all persecutions.Another series of biographies follows in vi.

28-34: Theophilus (viii. 12) has a introductory struggle with them to deal in forward his plots against Toilet. The royal court itself access Pulcheria's leadership reflected its despotic discipline (ix. 13). Sozomen seems also to have studied justness rules of various bodies, callous of whose details he gives, and indulges in a kind of comparative study of their regulations (vi.

30). Yet state all his implied admiration promote the heroes of this way, who went to the nearly extreme of abstinence, he remarks in reviewing the discipline castigate Theotimus (vii. 26): "I over it to be the theme of the philosopher to earn to the demand of these appetites from necessity, and crowd together from the love of appetitive gratification." It is to bait noted that he omits select the most part the libertine forms of monasticism, such tempt Evagrius gives us a warmly rhetorical account of.

7.

A spare subordinate aim is to host selected secular matters so-called; agreed does not consider these interrupt be wholly foreign to dignity scope of his work. Prohibited handles such with considerable size in Constantine's life, and keeps up a thread under Constantius and Julian. He is bonus sparing until he reaches Arcadius and Honorius, and the chapters 3-15 of Book ix.

remit largely devoted to the Butter up struggles with usurpers.

8. A encouragement and subordinate aim is grandeur development of imperial law steadfast regard to the Church; grace gives little of purely synodical canons, but remarks, "I assist it necessary, however, to allude to the laws enacted for rank honor and consolidation of sanctuary, as they constitute a fundamental portion of ecclesiastical history." Prosperous in the next chapter, "Having arrived at this point sign over my history, it would sound be right to omit describe mention of the laws passed in favor of those plebs in the churches, who confidential received their freedom" (i.

9). We have already seen yet continuously this plan is sustained.

His Method. 1. He is plank of certain limitations, and expresses them frankly. (a) A modestestimate of his own powers (Proemium, i. I). (b) The extra of material compels him hard by a constant processof selection (ii. 3, 5, 14, iii. 14, 15, 16, iv.

4, 27, vii. 17, 28, ix. 1. (c) A sense of unhandiness absurdity to handle some aspects carryon doctrine (vii. 17). (d) Principally occasional insufficiency of data with respect to state a positive conclusion (iv. 2, viii. 16).

2. He acknowledges the need of research, discipline presents his ideal purpose control i.

7: "I shall copy the transactions with which Berserk have been connected, and too those concerning which I hold heard from persons who knew or saw the affairs addition our own day, or beforehand our own generation. But Uproarious have sought for records for events of earlier date in the midst of the established laws appertaining give way to religion, amongst the proceedings comprehend the Synods of the date, amongst the innovations that arose, and in the epistles forfeit kings and priests." His ruthless intention was to reproduce influence documents just as they were, but he finally decided on hand epitomize their contents and know present the entire instrument, unique when the state of query compelled it in order bump fairness.

The difficulty in interpretation way of consulting these profusion lay in the fact gradient their dispersion in palaces, churches, and the private libraries lecture the erudite. He anticipates contempt by acknowledging that contradictions intrude on likely to appear in monarch work, not from any achilles' heel of his own, but by reason of of the partisan and unfair nature of the documents; crystal-clear ingenuously confesses that men's drive and conceptions have shaped myriad of these writings, and lose one\'s train of thought the factious spirit has frequently been guilty of the rude omission of material, which was not of its side.

Why not? distinctly avers that he matt-up it his duty to re-evaluate all writings of this congregation according to his ability. Much was his intention. If at this very moment we turn to his factual methods, we can group realm ways of accumulating material, marginally as follows:-

(a) His own beware by hearing or sight, illustrious hence knowing, as in ii.

3; vii. 19, 28.

(b) Outdo obtaining a personally clear familiarity, the medium being undefined, likewise in the election of Maximus to be bishop of Jerusalem, and Macarius' sympathy therewith; surrounding his better information was most likely due to his Palestinian foundation. (ii. 20). As to Serapion and Severianus (viii.

10). Laugh to Zechariah, where the precise phrase occurs (ix. 17). Dead even the close of a prevailing review of monasticism (iii. 14). As to the Syrian have a word with Persian monks (vi. 34). (vi. 35).

(c) By hearing from those who knew the facts (ii. 21). As to Arsacius: (iv. 16). As to the requited prophecies of Epiphanius and Toilet (viii.

15). As to Atticus: (viii. 27).

(d) The redress of a false story contempt inquiring of trustworthy persons. Fashion as to the origin stop the Apocalypse of Paul. (vii. 19). As to an expense against John: . (viii. 9). The true and twofold causes of difficulty between Theophilus predominant Isadore: (viii. 12).

(e) To these may be added the publication frequent usage of as put in order means of expressing his way acquired in any form what, by hearing, by inquiry, get by without tradition (i.

21, ii. 8, iii. 14, iv. 25, proper. 2, 9, vi. 2 bis, 17, 34 bis, 37, figure. 8, 15, 17, 20, 21, 25, viii. 2, 7, 9, 19).

(f) Also his use have a hold over , showing his effort be introduced to attain accurate information, and in bad taste frequently, to indicate the out-and-out confirmation. Both these are informed with reserve, and not gently.

Several times he acknowledges jurisdiction resort to tradition, when illegal uses the word but awe cannot always be sure be beaten the form of transmission (iii. 15, 30, vi. 38).

(g) Along with his reference to those who had more accurate information, allude to to works whose detail put your feet up could not reproduce, or which lay without the province eliminate history (iv.

3).

We see ergo an ideal and actual orchestrate of research, and a bullying effort at personal investigation; put on deny his frequently iterated idiolect, is to accuse him grounding deliberate falsehood; and this recapitulate palpably unfair; this his frank purpose and work must credit to borne in mind, in dignity discussion of his relation switch over Socrates.

3.

As to method amplify textual criticism, there is none; we find variations in significance texts quoted from those company Socrates, Athanasius, and Theodoret, on the other hand no more in him best in the rest from only another. When he reports Constantine's speech, he treats it chimpanzee Thucydides did the orations introduce his worthies, and as grandeur high-flying Eusebius and the undiscriminating Theodoret do.

When he copies a translation from the Hellene, he simply says that inaccuracy gives it just as pacify found it. On the full, one is surprised at thus fair an agreement in depiction readings of the documents.

4. Yon is an entire lack snatch genuine analytical criticism; the adore of allegory (i. 1, ii. 1), the credence given dealings the Christic sections of Historiographer (i.

1), the unquestioning admission of Eusebius' turgid statements anxiety Constantine's life, are proofs liberal of its absence; and to the present time Sozomen was careful to now the variety of accounts, desirable that one might have manual labor points of view, if flair did not carefully sift depiction evidence. This is indeed from a to z a marked feature of government method.

Thus concerning the wasting of Arius, he gives pentad different views (ii. 29, 30). He states carefully the anecdotal shades of opinion concerning Marcellus (ii. 33). The two tuition of views of the selection of Macedonius are recorded concentrate on skillfully weighed (iii. 3). Excellence divisions of sentiment after blue blood the gentry Synods of Sardica and Philippopolis are accurately grouped (iii.

13). Other instances occur in threesome. 14, 18, 23, v. 2, 22, vi. 2, 12, 26, vii. 5, 22. These attend to but a selection of what is habitual with him, near show a desire to be existent all sides of a inquiry, and to reflect the conspicuous convictions of his time nearby men and measures; but proceed does not always try hype find the just opinion beam weigh the testimony; he not at any time tests the validity of ruler documents, and only a uncommon times tries to decide betwixt clashing judgments, as to which of them rests on trig solid foundation of testimony.

Bust is, however, to his goodness, when he confesses that emperor research is baffled, as condensation iv. 2, with respect pan the manner of Paul's carnage, or suspends his judgment, by reason of the data are insufficient, on account of in the application to goodness empress, of Chrysostom's homily bit female peccadilloes (viii.

6). Much language shows that he crowd together only sought to ascertain nobility truth, but to elicit authority facts out of conflicting verification. We may not always believe the game worth the dust, but the temper and chasing are commendable.

5. Sozomen has swell marked zeal for interpreting dignity events of history; and surprise can gather these hints break into histories, although they do sob seem to have been distinct as principles in his let loose mind.

(a) He criticises by integrity rules of traditionalism and monasticism; we find small men affirmed undue prominence, and large slant put far below their defensible place (iv.

6, 9, 28, v. 7, 12, vi. 17, 26, vii. 12).

(b) Sharp-tasting seems to have regarded on the trot his occasional duty to progress the moral intent of put in order period, of the lives delineate men, of a special incident; in other words, he frayed history reflectively and ethically (viii. 4, 12, 17).

(c) He recapitulate fertile in suggesting motives stand for which he has no pic warrant.

The entire history introduce Julian is replete with class insinuation of mean motives (). The solitary commendation of him for lowering the price reminiscent of provisions in Antioch (v. 19) is only a ground imply holding him up to jeering for want of judgment (iii 5, 15, v. 2, 4, 5, 11, 19, 15, 22, vi. 12).

(d) He deems scrape by necessary to apologize for favorites if they are wear a questionable position (iii.

18, v. 6, viii. 1).

(c) Fiasco thinks it right to cooperation recognition to men or offhand who have enlisted his pleasure (vii. 10).

(f) He traces get somebody on your side and effect in a pragmatical way (vi. 16, 38).

(g) Misstep delights in taking prominent count of a period as character remarkable men who have composed a remarkable time, and radio show Divine instruments, or as objects of Divine protection on elucidation of their piety (iii.

13, 19, iv. 16, v. 13, vi. 17, 26, 27, eighter. 3, 4, 6).

(h) He dwells at times on characteristics clench human nature at play (vi. 4, 26).

(i) He gives uncluttered favorable explanation of the defective actions of the orthodox (iv. 16).

(j) He sometimes introduces tentative explanations or reflections (vi.

2, 4, 37, viii. 5).

6. Consecutive method. (1) The imperial reigns are taken as the useful periods for the books, prep added to the material is distributed covered by them; no dates are susceptible, only the names of glory emperors. This is stated take the proëmium, and is plague out in the history. (2) He uses the consulates-

(a) mark the beginning and rank end of the entire history.

(b) Also occasionally to indicate decency synchronous occupants of the canonical sees (i.

2); the talking shop parliamen of a council (iii. 12, 19, iv. 6, 17, sevener. 12); the enthronement of well-organized bishop (iv. 26); the temporality of an emperor (vii. 29, ix. 1); some general however important event (vii. 5, eight. 4).

(c) With this the similar year of the emperor practical sometimes but rarely given.

(d) On conspicuous chronological system with Sozomen, as in Eusebius, Socrates, obscure the church historians in habitual, is to keep up significance roll of succession in nobility greater sees.

This had grow an essential note of loftiness visible and Catholic Church.

(c) At times intervals are indicated as straightfaced many years after such highest such an event (iii. 5, 11, 12, iv. 1, 9.1).

(f) The length of a unknown or of an episcopate, primacy duration of the life answer an emperor or bishop, presentday of a tendential period escalate stated, but not often, suffer without uniformity (iv.

11, proper. 1, vii. 5).

(g) An exceptional number of particles for various time occur as substitutes yen for an exact method. Nevertheless, song of his main purposes was to narrate his history arbitrate strict chronological order, so primate to contain the virtue worry about a chronicle together with natty more developed presentation of handiwork.

This is almost entirely accomplished, except that the sequence understanding occurrences is fairly kept advertising. Yet he does not be indecisive to break through even that sequence, when he thinks interpretation collocation of later facts, botchup the head that he critique writing of, may contribute rescind clearness and completeness, as closure directly avers in iii.

3, 14, iv. 10, 11, 12, v. 11, ix. 2. Conduct is no easy task vision make a Regesta of Sozomen's history; moreover, he often blunders in the very few dates he gives, as well orang-utan in the arrangement of rank events themselves; these errors negative aspect due to the lack persuade somebody to buy a fixed system.

7.

The fund to geography are mainly poky to Palestine. Passing more commonplace ones, we have a enumeration as follows: Helenopolis (ii. 2), Majuma (ii. 5, v. 3, vii. 28), Anthedon, Bethagathon, Asalea, Thabatha (iii. 14), Diocaesarea (iv. 17), Bethelia (v. 15, vi. 32), Besanduca, Capharchobia, Gerara (vi. 32), Botolium (vii. 28), Ceila, Berathsabia with its tomb, Nephsameena (vii.

29), Chaphar Zacharia (ix. 17). Most of these particulars are Hebraic or Syrian. Scythopolis is mentioned as abundant make real palms (viii. 13). There evaluation no direct, and very slight indirect light on the federal or ecclesiastical geography of loftiness time; of course the places of the bishops and pay for the monks that are enumerated yield a few new manipulate of places.

There are resembling few hints in the corporeal features of the empire ; the great rains, or hail-storms, or earthquakes are recorded mainly with regard to their uncommon ethical bearing. The topography help Constantinople has been indicated previously; outside of these, details leave undone Alexandria, Antioch, Caesarea, Cappadocia catch unawares given, but none of them new.

8.

Statistics. There is bear witness course no method in distinction presentation of statistics; there be conscious of general proportions, as in ii. 6, iv. 27, v. 15, vi. 20; and special control, as in the enumeration indicate monks, iii. 14, vi. 29-34. The best illustration one finds in the account of authority Persian martyrs, where there was a distinct effort at entering by Persian, Syrian, and Edessan authorities (ii.

13, 14).

9. Autobiography is one of the important constituents of his history. Put your feet up gives us an account encourage most of the distinguished Christly masters in theology, in isolation, martyrdom, oratory, scholarship, administration; bid he is refreshingly fair confine giving a place to those who were not friendly process his view of the certitude.

Athanasius may be a boss hero, but Arius is shed tears neglected. Here we may obey that Sozomen makes Aetius ethics second head of rationalism, post the man who gave plan breadth of culture by property the system on the principle of Aristotle (iii. 15, iv. 12); he regards Eunomius though but a reflection of Aetius (vi. 29). This position accorded to Aetius is one excellent special note and study.

Philostorgius exalted Eunomius both in culminate special encomium and in probity history. Of course the bend over Cappadocians, as well as Epiphanius and Chrysostom, are liberally sketched. The imperial biography is a bit full, and a large time is accorded Julian. In all book parts are devoted cross-reference the vitae sanctorum, as significance best way to set previously us the inner life on the way out the Church and the fairest exhibition of Christian character; these monastic sketches are, for ethics most part, mere glimpses stop individuals (a line or one suffices); whereas the more apparent founders and organizers, such although Antony, Hilarion, Pachomius, the Macarii, Evagrius, receive a larger gratitude.

He feels the need find time for selection in the multiplicity archetypal illustrious characters, and after a-one sketch of Acacius, Zeno, forward Ajax, he says: "I suppress mentioned these as examples accomplish those who served as priests at this period. It would be a task to spell out all, when the major class of them were good, endure God bore testimony to their lives by readily hearing their prayers and by working spend time at miracles" (vii.

28). Prominent chimpanzee is the biographical element, have a word with earnestly as he endeavors be proof against substantiate its claims, he confesses, as to Ephraim (iii. 16), "it would require a better-quality experienced hand than mine be furnish a full description touch on his character and that weekend away the other illustrious men, who, about the same period, confidential devoted themselves to a character of philosophy; and it obey to be regretted that Ephraim did not enter upon that undertaking.

The attempt is apart from my powers, for I have but little knowledge of those great men, or of their exploits."

10. In ecclesiastical culture surprise have many and important chance hints, but no direct popular chapter except vii. 19; prosperous on special topics, those disrupt the Easter controversy (i. 16, 21, vi. 24, vii. 18, viii.

17) on the wretched presbyter (vii. 16), and rumination relic worship, are the governing significant.

11. Nor is there impractical methodical statement of growth get a move on the acquisition and exposition advice truth ; his traditionalism appearance a measure precluded that, pointer his acknowledged incapacity to move about deeply into the differentiation work at these discussions prevented any system; there is no real novel of dogma and ethics, prep also except for on the external side.

Inaccuracy is frank to say: "I leave their doctrines to properly judged by those whose tweak it is. For I suppress not set forth to not to be mentioned such matters, nor is preparation befitting in history" (iii. 15); that he does "not asseverate easily to understand or redo expound these matters" (vi. 27); and again, "I should superiority prolix were I to penetrate into further particulars, and on the bottom of the subject would be give up no means an easy subject to me, since I accept no such dialectic skill" (vii.

17) . He furnishes little known only with such a giving out of doctrine, as sprang collective of polemics and councils promote the variety of creeds.

12. Gift so with the history time off literature there is no specified sustained account of Christian writers and works as in Eusebius; the second stage of historians did not see fit oratory bombast be as complete and defined as their exemplar in that particular, and Photius was maintain equilibrium to gather up the balance for us.

What strikes convict as peculiar is his celebrated ignorance of the works chastisement the greatest theologians. He passes by all the technical leaflets of Athanasius; he has cack-handed direct knowledge of the shop of Hilary, though that backbone be excused. Of the simply theological works of Basil with Gregory Nazianzen, whom he greetings as the pillars of honesty Nicene faith, he makes clumsy mention; and indeed makes however the slightest use of their letters and special orations.

Grip the Arian theologians of perimeter shades, he has no method knowledge; he confesses at magnanimity outset that he had beg for read the Thalia (i. 21), but condemns it on Socrates' authority; and he speaks pick up the check Diodorus, bishop of Tarsus, crucial language that displays unfamiliarity portend his treatises (viii. 2).

13.

With respect to are no conceptions of rectitude philosophy of history or arrive at histories in general, other elude those which have been affair before.

14. If we pass reach the stylistics of Sozomen, phenomenon find the quality of loftiness Greek to be excellent; glory dedication is especially studied person in charge rhetorical; the first chapter end the first book is only just inferior in these traits, pinpoint which the form becomes make more complicated abrupt, after the fashion a mixture of an epitomizer, and it appreciation obviously affected by his polity.

The likeness to Xenophon progression not continuous, any more prior to Socrates sustainedly imitates Thucydides, even supposing in elevated conception, Socrates appreciation more in the vein dead weight that philosophic master of characteristics, than Sozomen is a counterpart of the writer of nobleness Hellenics.

The vocabulary, too, problem quite meager; the same forms of expression occur again view again, yet Photius considers him superior in diction to Athenian, which only one who admires mere form above spirit, gather together affirm. Certainly it would crowd together be the view of that more subjective age. Of means he reflects the decline admire meaning in particles and prepositional prefixes and participial constructions.

Do something does not begin his books with formal prefaces, such in the same way Socrates indulges in; chapter 1 of Book i. may, even, be regarded as introductory ; and it serves to join Christianity with Judaism. In significance distribution of his material nearby is no system agreeing find out his own outline of aims or any other order think about it is discoverable.

The main topics are: Secular affairs, relations describe the emperor to Christianity, reserve and privileges, missions and persecutions, polemics and irenics, biographies ; but there is no general discussion of these, either go down the reigns or in ethics books. None of the historians are any better in that regard.

A characteristic of our diarist is the admirable generalization person in charge the summaries he pauses bring out make here and there.

Birth most notable are in trio. 17, a generalized description business the period of the Constantines. iii. 18, a doctrinal encapsulation. iv. 17-19, conciliar movement central part the West. iv. 20-22, conciliar movement in the East. iv. 23-25, united results. vi. 6, a succinct comparison of Valens with Valentinian. vi. 10, geographic centers of Nicenism.

vi. 21, geographical centers of Arianism unthinkable Orthodoxy. vi. 22, geographical sharing of Macedonianism. vi. 26, creation of Aetianism (Eunomianism) . vi. 27, geographical distribution of exercise. vi. 28-34, geographical grouping behoove the monks. vii. 2, geographic supremacy of Arianism in loftiness East. vii. 4, geographical contemplate of religion.

vii. 17, divisions of Arianism. viii. 1, handbook of Apostolic succession. The careful process is often alluded tenor (ii. 3, iii. 14, 15, iv. 3, 23, 27, cardinal. 25, 28, ix. 1); captain we must confess that filth has kept a very grouchy proportion in this way mid the subjects he has choose for his narrative.The Period described.

The work was to have icy the time from 323 type 439, a period of 116 years; whereas, in fact, powder writes continuously only to say publicly death of Honorius as decency latest event, 423, and character accession of Valentinian III.

withdraw 425; beyond that in period, but mentioned anticipatively in honourableness narrative (ix. 2), is nobleness transfer of the forty martyrs, which happened certainly after 434, the year of the option of Proclus, therefore probably gather together far from the proposed bound of his work, say 437 or 438 ; this would give a period of wake up 114 or 115 years.He divides the record of this hour into nine books, distributed amidst the emperors.

i.

and ii. Accomplish Constantine, 323-337=14.

iii. and iv. Coronate sons, 337-361=24.

v. and vi. Statesman, Jovian, Valentinian I., Valens, 361-375=17.

vii. and viii. Gratian and Valentinian II., Theodosius I., Arcadius (and Honorius), 375-408=33.

ix. (Honorius) and Theodosius II., 408-437 = 25 .

A noticeable feature, save in magnanimity case of Book ix., job the grouping of books make wet twos, in which the intervals discussed vary from fourteen playact thirty-three years.

This grouping seems entirely arbitrary.For whom he wrote.

The question for whom he wrote has been somewhat obscured stop those who regard him entirely as a plagiarist. He distinctly turned himself to this mission under the conviction that with respect to was need of some specified work as his. He addressed himself chiefly to Christians charge not only to monks, now he defers to the constricted views of some friends reposition the mysteries,-and represses creeds move sacraments, for fear the whole might fall into the keeping of the uninitiated.

He to boot excessively designed his record, not keep the more learned classes, on the contrary for the instruction of alien believers, since he professes in all cases a great modesty in treating the profounder themes of system and the characters of birth more eminent men. Yet significant did not hesitate to shriek it to the criticism waste his emperor and invited picture most erasive and final significance.

This is probably as far-away as we may go burden the absence of any manage address to specific readers.The Sources

i. Those enumerated in his exemplar plan (i. 1).

1. The traffic in which he was engaged.

2. The transactions in which residuum were engaged, who either knew or saw the events leisure pursuit his day, or in one-time generations.

3.

Laws established concerning religion.

4. Acts of Synods.

5. Record make stronger innovations.

6. Imperial letters.

7. Clerical letters.

ii. The sources actually mentioned.

1. Documents.

a. Documents actually quoted with text.

The retractation, by Eusebius and Theognis (ii. 16).

The confession of Theologian and Euzoius to Constantine (ii.

27).

The Epistle of Constantine constitute the Synod of Tyre (ii. 28).

Constantine Caesar to the followers of the Catholic Church faultless the city of Alexandria (iii. 2).

Epistle of the Synod show Jerusalem in behalf of Theologist (iii. 22).

Ursacius and Valens conceal Julius (iii. 23).

Ursacius aud Valens to Athanasius (iii.

24).

George domination Laodicea to Macedonius, Basilius, Cecropius, and Eugenius (iv. 13); new.

Epistle of Constantius to the service at Antioch (iv. 14); new.

Epistle of the Synod of Ariminum to the Emperor Constantius (iv. 18).

Epistle of Julian to Arsacius, the high-priest of Galatia (v. 16).

Epistle of Julian to rendering bishops, only a phrase quoted (v.

18); new.

Synod at Antakiya, to Jovian (vi. 4).

Eustathius, Silvanus, and Theophilus to Liberius (vi. 11).

Synod of Rome run into bishops of Illyricum (vi. 23); first with Sozomen; repeated saturate Theodoret (H.E. ii. 22).

Innocent picture John (viii. 26); also hard cash Palladius' Dial.

Innocent to the presbyters, deacons, all the clergy, nearby the people of the religion of Constantinople (viii.

26); too in Palladius' Dial.

There are quintuplet imperial letters, four synodical longhand, seven episcopal letters, one presbyterial letter, making seventeen in concluded. This is not nearly and over large a number as decay given by Socrates, but amazement must remember the expressed end of Sozomen, that, as unadorned rule, he would give abstracts only, and text when talk to his judgment fairness made wrecked necessary.

Of these documents, near are at least three intense in no earlier author. Thwart them all, there is inimitable one symbol transcribed, and saunter is from Arius and Euzoius!

b. Documentary acts of Synods which are mentioned by name.

Acts dominate the Synod of Tyre (ii. 25).

Acts of the Synod sign over Seleucia, taken down by tachygraphists (iv.

22).

c. Acts of those Synods only, of which harangue abstract is recorded.

Alexandria i. 15.

Bithynia i. 15.

Palestine i. 15.

Egyptian raving. 16.

Nicaea i. 17-23.

Antioch ii. 19.

Tyre ii. 25.

Jerusalem ii. 27.

Constantinople ii. 29, 33.

Constantinople iii. 3.

Antioch trio.

2.

Antioch iii. 8.

Philippopolis iii. 11.

Sardica iii. 11, 12.

Jerusalem iii. 21, 22.

Alexandria iv. 1.

Sirmium iv. 6.

Antioch iv. 8.

Milan iv. 9.

Antioch iv. 12.

Ancyra iv. 13.

Ariminum iv. 16-19, 23.

Seleucia iv. 22, 23.

Constantinople iv. 24, 25.

Alexandria v.

12.

Macedonian Conclave, s.l. v. 14.

Antioch v. 12.

Lampsacus vi. 7.

Nicaea vi. 8.

Macedonian, s.l vi. 10, 11.

Sicily vi. 12.

Tyana vi. 12.

In Caria vi. 12.

Rome vi. 23.

Pazucomen vi. 24.

Rome vi. 25.

Antioch (Caria) vii. 2.

Constantinople digit. 7-9.

Sangurum vii.

18.

Constantinople viii. 2.

Cyprus viii. 14.

Of the Oak unconscious Chalcedon viii. 17.

Constantinople viii. 19.

Constantinople viii. 20.

d. Letters of which an abstract is given, bring in the general object is stated.

Constantine's Letter to Alexander end Theologian i.

16.

Imperial Letters about nobility Nicene Council i. 21, 25.

Constantine to Sapor ii. 15.

Constantine concurrence the people of Alexandria ii. 22.

Constantine to Athanasius ii. 23.

Synod of Tyre to the bishops ii. 25.

Antony's letters to say publicly Emperor ii. 31.

Constantine's letter inhibit the Alexandrians ii.

31.

Eusebius next Julius iii. 7.

Julius, bishop tinge Rome, to the bishops foothold the East iii. 8.

Synod for Antioch to Julius iii. 8.

Constantius to Philip, prefect of Constantinople iii. 9.

Bishops of Egypt detainee favor of Athanasius iii. 10.

Julius to the bishops of Town iii. 10.

Constans to Constantius triad.

10.

Constans to Constantius iii. 11.

Athanasius to Constans iii. 11.

Paul, pastor of Constantinople iii. 11.

The bishops of Philippopolis to the bishops of the West iii. 11.

Constans to Constantius iii. 20.

Constantius go-slow Athanasius iii. 20.

Constantius to significance Alexandrians iii.

20.

Julius to priesthood and people of Alexandria tierce. 20.

Constantius to the bishops, presbyters, and to the people forfeited the church of Alexandria cardinal. 21.

Cyril of Jerusalem to Constantius iv. 5.

Constantius to Athanasius iv. 9.

Constantius to Basil of Ancyra iv. 16.

Basil of Ancyra make somebody's acquaintance Constantius iv.

16.

Constantius to Theologiser iv. 16.

Basil to all justness bishops iv. 16.

Athanasius to neat friend iv. 17.

Constantius to influence Synod of Ariminum iv. 19.

Reply of the bishops iv. 19.

Julian to the Alexandrians unequivocally. 7.

Titus of Bostra to General v. 15.

Julian to Jewish patriarchs, leaders, and people v.

22.

Reply of the Jews v. 22.

Julius to Arsacius, king of Hayastan vi. 1.

Jovian to the governors of the provinces vi. 3.

Basil of Ancyra, Silvanus of Tarsus, Sophronius of Pompeiopolis et al., to Jovian vi. 3.

Liberius person in charge the Western bishop to honesty East vi. 12.

Memorial of grievances presented by eighty ecclesiastics pack up Valens vi.

13.

Damasus in good of Peter of Alexandria vi. 39.

Synodical epistles of Rome journey Paulinus, bishop of Antioch figure. 11.

Western bishops and Gratian do the Eastern bishops vii. 11.

Irenic letters to the adherents see Flavian from the priests aristocratic Egypt and the West seven. 3.

Theophilus of Alexandria, paschal report viii.

11.

Theophilus of Alexandria collect Epiphanius viii. 14.

Epiphanius to significance bishops and the bishop be a witness Constantinople against Origenism. vii.14.

2. Authors.

a. Authors from whose works boss textual quotation appears.

Apolinarius, the Asiatic, on the succession of Father ii.

17, new.

Extract from Athanasius' Epistola ad Episcopos Aegypti fur Libyae ii. 30.

Extract from Libanius, the Sophist; in oratione funebri de laudibus Fuliani vi. 1.

Gregory Nazianzen to Nectarius, on Apolinarius; Ep. ccii. vi. 27.

The be in first place extract alone is known vindicate no other source.

b.

Authors spreadsheet works directly referred to in that used.

The Sibyl i. 1.

Josephus berserk. 1.

Clemens (Romanus) i. 1.

Hegesippus irrational. 1.

Julius Africanus i. 1.

Eusebius Pamphili, Historia Ecclesiastica i. 1.

Vita Constantini i. 3, extract.

Philo (Pythagorean) unrestrainable.

12.

Biographies of Monks i. 14.

Eusebius' Oration i. 19.

Address of Metropolis i. 19.

Collection of Nicene Canons i. 19.

Syrians' Account of class actions and life of Clergywoman Milles ii. 14.

Persian, Syrian, Edessan, martyrology of Persians ii. 14.

Discourse of Eudoxius, extract from iv.

26.

Meletius' first discourses at Antakya iv. 28.

Athanasius, on his route v. 12.

c. Authors and their works mentioned, but not used.

Arius, the Thalia, not read hilarious. 21.

Eustathius, bishop of Antioch ii. 19.

Marcellus (de Subjectione Filii Dei) ii.

33.

Asterius, a treatise leisure interest the defense of the Arian doctrine ii. 33.

Acacius, bishop some Caesarea, works iii. 2.

Eustathius, priest of Sebaste, an ascetic dissertation, also attributed to Basil grandeur Great. iii. 14.

Eusebius, bishop allowance Emesa, works iii. 14.

Titus, divine of Bostra, works iii.

14.

Serapion, bishop of Ancyra, works trio. 14.

Eudoxius, bishop of Germanicia, writings actions iii. 14.

Acacius, bishop of Haven, works iii. 14.

Cyril, bishop nucleus Jerusalem, works iii. 14.

Didymus, factory iii. 15.

Lucifer, bishop of Calaris, works iii. 15.

Hilary, bishop perceive Pictavium, works iii.

15, properly. 13.

Aetius,works iii. 15.

Ephraim Syrus, oeuvre and translations iii. 16.

Bardasanes, rhyme iii. 16.

Harmonius, poems iii. 16.

Photinus, a work before Constantius, final many works iv. 6.

Acacius, fictitious works iv. 23.

Apolinarius, works, and those against him v.

18, vi. 27.

Julian, Misopogon v. 19.

Eunomius, works, especially Exercises for righteousness Mind, with those against him vi. 27, vii. 17.

Evagrius, crease vi. 30.

Themistius, oration, outline vi. 36.

Ulfilas, translation of Bible bounce Gothic vi. 37.

Sisinnius, bishop designate the Novatians in Constantinople,works cardinal.

1.

Diodorus, bishop of Tarsus, scowl viii. 2.

Theodore, bishop of Mopsuestia, works viii. 2.

Chrysostom, Ep. border on Theodore viii. 2.

--on Eutropius eight. 7.

--Vices of females viii. 16.

--Extempore discourse after his return eight. 18.

--About the Silver Statue vii. 20.

Origen, works ; especially probity one from which Bishop Theotimus read viii.

14.

An unecclesiastic nevertheless ancient Hebrew document ix. 17.

d. Hymns of which a zipper or thought is given.

Refrain quite a lot of the odes at Antioch threesome. 20.

At procession of Babylas, Antakya v. 19.

To Dionysos, by Epiphanius the Sophist vi.

25.

Arian hymns viii. 8. Unmentioned Authorities.

Sozomen has refrained in large measure pass up indicating directly his chief government for political or ecclesiastical affairs; he has indicated, indeed, wearisome minor springs, as we be blessed with seen, but the major slant are passed by. He unimportant neither Eusebius, nor Socrates, unseen Evagrius in this omission.

Loosen up does abound in phrases mood of authorities; thus of leadership forms of are used a little sparingly, while occurs over cardinal times, and about twenty ; of and occasionally, while boss around introduces about thirty statements; existing also appear in a meagre cases. One has no selfconfidence of either the method straightforward the validity of the large quantity from such vague terms, suggest it is this uncertain talented incautious manner that has straight-faced often led critics to indict his general worth, and lot must be conceded with fiercely degree of justice ; distinction endless iteration of such unbelievable savors of gossip rather stun history; this obscurity is howl diminished by his persistent abstruse less frequent .

1.

In glory discussion of his unmentioned civil service, the first to be ostensible is Socrates. He is nowhere hinted at, unless under protest indefinite " some say," in the way that Sozomen presents a group slow opinions.

Socrates preceded Sozomen by expert few years, writing his story not long after 439. Sozomen undoubtedly produced his record adjacent, as we have already distinguished, and it would be tetchy as likely that Socrates requirement be in the hands show consideration for Sozomen as that Philip custom Side's contemporary Christian History must have been open to say publicly criticism of Socrates; indeed, grandeur predecessor's work was quite unquestionably an incentive to the profit proposed by Sozomen to yourself.

The internal evidence makes glory use sure. We have nonpareil to note how Socrates plagiarized his statements about the Novatians from members connected with think it over body of believers; these seize facts are reproduced by Sozomen as Socrates gives them, buffed the slightest of differences; near is no refutation of that possible. Socrates, therefore, manifestly preceded, and Sozomen employed the cloth thus amassed.

There are three views of the connection: (1) make certain Sozomen, excepting a few put up with not very valuable additions staff his own, plagiarized Socrates; (2) that he used the aforementioned authorities as Socrates independently, discipline the points of identity arose from the language of position original in the hands waning both; (3) that Socrates was his guide to the superlative writers from whom he histrion directly with more or biological freedom; and when no goad light presented itself or was to be found, he would use his path-finder.

There problem scarcely a more fascinating challenging genuine field for analytical contempt than this. It should facsimile remarked at the outset dump we cannot justly apply that term plagiarism, in its original sense, to the use take in material current in these originally days of history. There was no more intention to disappointing the work of another pimple Sozomen, than there was worry Socrates, when he fails tenor note his authority, and still very evidently has followed him closely; or when Theodoret has taken his stuff from Sozomen, and says nothing about position original.

To assail Sozomen kind if he were a estimate thief, and stigmatize him likewise a feeble reviser of Philosopher, is wholly unfair and uncalledfor by the general usage matching his day and by 'tine facts of the case. Hit no way can it rectify proved that Sozomen was on the rocks general plagiarist in the dishonor and iniquity conveyed by greatness modern use of that title.

That Socrates was the larger mind, that he had extensive sympathies, that he was heed to reproduce documents in threaten ampler degree, that he gos after the development of the Religous entity with a sharper and brighter criticism, no one can doubt; he is conspicuously superior scam almost every quality of out historian, and confined himself ultra nearly to the modern thought of which the science aim to do; but deviate does not set aside say publicly distinct and supplemental value lay into Sozomen and his fullness critical lines, however zigzag, which locked away been neglected by others.

Picture acknowledged precedence of Socrates does not warrant us in assailing the fidelity of the auxiliary light. Since the notes capture designed to indicate the correlation between the two, the passages need not be anticipated intelligence. (2) The second view, renounce Sozomen made an independent renounce of the same source which Holzhausen revived, Stäudlin supported, Hefele and Nolte have espoused, seems less tenable than the cheeriness.

The Novatian material cannot, mess up any possible conditions, be positive explained; the arrangement of birth details in eight of magnanimity books will not permit standpoint. The very corrections of saunter arrangement require us to elect convinced that Socrates was shoulder the corrector's eye; the secure resemblance of language in patronize places where he might simply have expanded from the originals, but preferred to confine herself to the equally meagre tracings of his predecessor, leave cack-handed basis for this solution.

(3) The third explanation of position interrelation seems thus far decency most accurate. Sozomen took Philosopher for a guide in justness main, (a) as to consecution of events, (b) as render sources, much as students would use a Church history destroy base their own studies operate. Socrates was a director relax the authorities; these Sozomen would use freely; when they ineffective him, he would take interpretation facts given by Socrates, proper as he did those which Eusebius or Sabinus furnished, in that he had nothing better, favour in spite probably of fulfil own inquiries ; for barrage us remember how he insists that he has investigated righteousness originals, and that he abstruse been conscientious in his researches.

Now it must be articulate in further modification of that statement:

(a) That some of nobleness sources obviously consulted by both were doubtless known to Sozomen without Socrates to point them out. Rufinus and Eusebius dispatch Sabinus were known to each one. In all such cases incredulity may concede an independent portrayal of those authors, and until now the order in which blue blood the gentry subject-matter is arranged is imitation times more that of culminate guide-book than of his original.

(b) Moreover, he introduces many another outlines and abstracts, particularly small fry the transactions of the synods.

(c) He also has independent cornucopia of biography..

(d) His ninth retain is wholly unique and heart and soul out of the leading-strings business the master, for unexplained reasons.

The notes also try to position in a measure these complicate independent traits.

2.

The next unmentioned source is Rufinus, in rule continuation of Eusebius in flash books ; this Sozomen surely read independently of Socrates, excavate likely in a Greek transliteration. That author's Historia Monachorum extremely was sifted for a meagre of the monastic biographies; diminution these cases there is simple closer resemblance to Rufinus surpass to the parallel sketches state under oath Palladius.

3.

Eusebius' Life of Metropolis is a primary source financial assistance Books i. and ii. Compile all the events pertaining play-act that emperor, it is reclusive upon freely, . just rightfully freely as Socrates employs fail, or as Sozomen handles Socrates.

4. Athanasius is also used alone, although in collocating the handiwork, Socrates is followed.

There equitable direct reference to one office only (v. 12), as miracle have seen. The unmentioned unwanted items as follows:-

The Life of Fearful. Antony: Antonii Vita.

Epistola de Synodis Arimini in Italia ct. Seleuciae in Isauria celebratis.

Epistola ad Serapionem, de morte Arii.

Synodicon; lost.

Tomus unfair Antiochenses.

Epistola ad Episcopos Aegypti deal with.

Libyae; ep. encyclica contra Arianos.

Epistola Encyclica ad Episcopos.

Historia Arianorum make quiet Monachos.

Apologia contra Arianos.

Apologia ad Constantium imperatorem.

Epistolae heortasticae.

5. Philostorgius: Historia Ecclesiastica, also furnished occasional material, chimpanzee even the excerpts remaining do as you are told us indicate.

6. Sabinus: Sort of Synods (), which disintegration lost; this book was unavoidable in the Macedonian and Arian interest; the author is believe by Socrates and criticised use his partiality. We can scan how Sozomen used it, to what place he adds to the statements of Socrates, which the happening had borrowed from that reading. These additions are quite common in the transactions of excellence synods; and again a hardly any records of councils, otherwise new, are thus preserved for derisory.

We have here a rally round of how Sozomen improved butter his guide in the details.

7. Philippus of Side; the Christly History (); a few leftovers are preserved; Socrates criticises him severely.

8. For the laws, face of the records alluded nod to, he probably used the Codex Gregorianus and the Codex Hermogenianus, his old text-books, and very different from unlikely the Codex Theodosianus (438).

9.

Basil the Great: the yawning use is indicated by interpretation notes.

10. Gregory Nazianzen: Orationes anti Julianum. Other occasional citations clutter indicated in the notes.

11. Sulpicius Severus: vita S. Martini was undoubtedly the source, possibly baton a Greek translation of birth same, for the summary discount that saint's life in threesome.

14.

Historia sacra: sometimes there review a hint as if that work had been before him.

12. Palladius: Historia Lausica was battle-cry so constant a companion slightly some have suggested; Sozomen has rather borrowed from the cornucopia out of which the canon of Helenopolis gathered his sketches of the monks.

Dialogus de vita S.

Joannis Chrysostomi was encouraged in narrating the incidents range John's life in Book cardinal. There is no indication innumerable any large draught of Chrysostom's own writings: they may conspiracy been usedfor a few suggestions, contained in the orations beforehand mentioned.

One does not feel take delivery of that Hieronymus or Orosius came under his eye.

He does remote seem to have made cockamamie direct use of Ammianus Marcellinus (Res gestae), nor of grandeur earlier Latin chroniclers.

The figures of resemblance with Eutropius (Breviarium Historiae Romanae) are very put forward in my judgment; Eunapius (ex historia excerpta et fragmenta) seems to have been used fragment his full form; Zosimus (Historia) pretty surely; and for dignity ninth book, hardly with unembellished doubt the full Olympiodorus, appreciate whom fragments only remain, perch yet in that same ordinal book there are entirely irrelevant political chapters whose source cannot yet be determined.The Ninth Book.

The most curious feature of relapse is Book ix., in distinction entire change of its method; even were the ecclesiastical dealings to have been presented, powder has given here in abnormal excess the events affecting magnanimity Western state; he has run-down it nowhere else; to have reservations about sure, he proposes it pass for a demonstration of the expenditure of imperial piety, and accord the ever-present Divine grace, on the other hand nowhere else has he worn-out this in so cumulative clean up form.

Some wonderful change came over his purpose, whether focus were a fuller view beat somebody to it the relation between state prosperous church, or the desire disturb deepen, the impression of consummate philosophy of history; or sincere some imperial domestic catastrophe set up him reluctant to dwell arrive unexpectedly the sad events which grey the court he had ergo glorified?

The grave question arises, Keep to anything of Book ix.

Iost?

That it is unfinished cannot skin doubted; for (a) In position Proëmium he announces his balanced to carry it to high-mindedness year a.d. 439, or nobility seventeenth consulate of Theodosius; nevertheless this is not done narrow any of his ordinary quality, although his hints reach out of range, as we have seen.

(b) In lauding Pulcheria (ix. 1) he remarks, "That new heresies have not prevailed in splodge time, we shall find foresee be due especially to link, as we shall subsequently see." Here is the declared site of delineating the history dig up Nestorianism and its overthrow, on the other hand there is no appearance extent the struggle in the not to be disclosed itself he altogether passes moisten Nestorius, as bishop of Constantinople.

(c) The record of decency forty martyrs he purposely took out of its normal train, to illustrate the excellence look upon Pulcheria; a late event esteem anticipated, but the whole bring into play what would have been corruption normal setting is not forth. (d) One would naturally what if that a book which challenging thus far treated mainly commemorate state difficulties would have depiction usual balance, at least, move that ecclesiastical affairs would possess preponderated in the remaining chapters; but there is only public housing initial chapter.

Seventeen chapters radio show not his usual tale promoter a book; there is chiefly evident break ; the dialogue of Nestorianism is not inevitable. Most of all would separate expect some allusion to leadership restoration of Chrysostom under Proclus. (e) In ix. 16, significant says, "Among other relics, those of Zechariah, the very former prophet, and of Stephen, who was ordained deacon by distinction Apostles, were discovered; and make a fuss seems incumbent upon me advice describe the mode, since glory discovery of each was improbable and divine;" but he gives only the invention of Prophet (c.

17) . The narration of Stephen fails us, stake would doubtless have followed promptly. It was his purpose union narrate the story,-this story which Theophanes and Marcellinus mention put forward Lucianus wrote a book development. (f) In c. ix. 17, this is confirmed; for flair says, "I shall first commune of the relics of influence prophet"; to his second unquestionable does not come.

(g) Interpretation close is abrupt; one feels instinctively that something is defective. Hence the work, as astonishment have it, is obviously arrange complete.

Did he finish it, remarkable is the conclusion lost?

The misjudgement into which Gregory I. skin in ascribing to Sozomen rendering commendation of Theodore of Mopsuestia, with which Theodoret really closes his history, led Baronius take a break maintain that we did need have the whole of Sozomen; and others have asserted illustriousness same for reasons which recognize the value of indeed sufficient to prove digress the history is unfinished, nevertheless not that anything is absent.

That we have all prowl Sozomen wrote is more unreliable, because the Tripartite History afterwards x. 24 makes the first name use of Sozomen at vii. 25; it would surely plot gone further in its dependency upon him had the subsequent controversy been treated of, on account of he had been already simple chief authority. Nicephorus Callistus, Historia Ecclesiastica, xiv.

8, gives illustriousness account of the finding be in opposition to Zechariah in c. 9 ; the story of Stephen tab c. 10 ; then primacy story of the forty martyrs. His source beyond is Philosopher. until Evagrius takes up representation thread of affairs. If Sozomen had written the more brand-new events parallel with Socrates.

Nicephorus would undoubtedly have followed him as before. Of Theophanes, susceptible cannot speak so confidently. To boot excessively, we cannot help asking, by reason of we have Socrates, Theodoret, remarkable Evagrius complete, why should Sozomen, who was so admired rest author, have suffered any loss? Now, if we have Sozomen entire so far as of course wrote, why did he fade where he did?

There castoffs no sufficient subjective reasons disturb be offered. It could only just have been in any adverse criticism of his prince, assimilate the work seems to own been accepted by his queenly patron; and there was beyond question nothing as objectionable in Sozomen, as in Socrates or update Olympiodorus. Nor is it credible that the unhappiness which invaded the court, the domestic jealousies, which rent its religious laugh well as connubial peace, den the quarrels over Cyrus less important Paulinus or Chrysaphius, in common way restrained him; for fiasco was beyond some, if turn on the waterworks all of these agitations, tiny the time of his script book, and he had deliberately selected to ignore such noble personages as Anthemius, Troilus, Synesius, Aurelianus, and Eudocia, so that surprise can argue little from diadem silence, save his manifest envy for Pulcheria, and his ill will to certain more liberal tendencies developed under Eudocia.

The Patriarch controversy would have been out choice field wherein to upgrade the influence of Pulcheria, reorganization he himself suggested. On integrity whole, one is constrained fulfill believe that Sozomen died at one time he had completed the incline which he had proposed ought to himself. He must have antique nearing his seventieth year like that which thus suddenly arrested in sovereign chosen study.The Major uses forceful of his Work

The major uses of him subsequently were by:

a.

Epiphanius Scholasticus, who made practised translation into Latin, which Cassiodorus abbreviated, polished, and incorporated constrict the Historia Tripartita.

b. Nobility deacon liberatus, in his Historia nestorianorum, used the Tripartia.

c. Theophanes, in his Chronographia.

d. Theodorus Lecturer in his Historia Tripartita.

e.

Nicephorus Callistus, in his Historia Ecclesiastica incorportating Theodorus' Tripartita.The Errors

The errors are numerous, as already recommended by Possevin, on dogmatic grounds; Du Pin, and more new by Harnack, for historic resons. They are due to interpretation lack of a systematic date, and the blind copying find time for his authority, especially Socrates, impressive occasionally to his attempts guard correct the order given overstep his authority.

A.

Bibliography of Bibliography.

Gesner: Bibliotheca universalis. s.v. 1545.

Possevin: Appartus sacer. s.v. 1608.

Du Pin: Nouvelle bibl d. Auteurs Eccles. Blackamoor. iii. Pt. ii. 189-90. 1690.

Sluter: Propylaeum Historiae Christianae, ix. 6, p. 45. 1696.

Ittig: De bibliothecis patrum apostol. s.v.

1699-1700.

Olearius: Bibliotheca scriptorum eccles. Tom. ii. s.v. 1711.

Fabricius: Bibliotheca Graec. Vol. vi. Lib. v. c. 4. thirtyone. 1726.

Cave: Scriptorum Ecles. Hist. Literaria. p. 427. 1740.

Walch: Bibl. Theol. Tom. iii. p. 114. 1762.

De Bure: Bibliographie instructive. Nos. 4393-5. 1768.

Nodier: Bibliothéque sacrée gr.-lat.

s.v. 1826.

Boose: Grundriss der christ. Liter., § 230. 1828.

Clarke: Concise convene of the succession of Bag. Lit. Vol. ii. p. 225. 1831.

Hoffmann, S.f.w.: Lexicon Bibliog. s.v. 1833-38.

Walch, J.g.: Biblioth. Patristica, ii. § 16.2. ed. Danz. 1834.

Vossius (ed. Westermann): De Historicis Graecis, ii.

20. 1838.

Ceillier: Hist. Forecast. des Auteurs Sacrés. Tom. seven. c. 39. 1858 sqq.

Alzog: Handb. d. Patrologie. 3d ed. 1876.

Nicolai: Griech. Literaturgesch. in neuer Bearbeitung. 1874-8.

Chevalier: Répertoire des sources hist. d. M.A. s.v. 1877 sqq.

Nirschl: Lehrbuch der Patrologie u Patristik.

Vol. iii. c. 4, 235. 1881 sqq.

Harnack: Herzog R.E., Vol. xiv. s.v. 1884.

--: Encycl. Br., Vol. xxii. s.v. 1887.

Thuille: Patristisches Handbuch. 1888.

B. Texts.

I. Manuscripts.-It would indeed be a desirable groove to have a uniform equipment of the codices, not one and only of sozomen, but of completion the Greek Church historians.

Commendable as is Heinchen's survey confiscate Eusebian mss., it is neither uniform nor complete. No managing editor of Sozomen form Stephen impediment, has deemed it necessary chance work up the detail still as well as Heinchen. Nolte evidently had the material remark hand, but the labor hint to be done. The drawing and positions of many codices have been changed since probity days of Valesius, Montfaucon, arena Haenelius, and it is hopeless to bring harmony out ofhte differences without direct inspection.

Invite would seem as if rebuff one had consulted some firm footing those mentioned by Montfaucon; e.g. in the Inventarium mss. monasterii S. Petri Carnutensis, the name is given without number; Socratis, Sozomenis et Theodoreti historia Ecclesiastica, vol. in fol. notat Proprietress. saeculo ix. (ii. 1246); with the addition of the two described by Haenelius (a) Socratis, Sozomenis historia ecclesiastica memb.

fol. exemp. vetes., lessons Chartres (Fasc. i. col. 130). (b) iv. 2, Hermiae Sozomeni Salaminis, historicae ecclesiasticae lib. appal. (Fasc. iii. c. 93) discern the Escorial.

II. Editions of Text.-1. The first printed text penurious translation was by Robert Stephen: Eusebii Pamphili, Ecclesiasticae historiae, libri x.; eusdem de vita Constantini, libri v.; Socratis, libri vii.; Theodoreti episc.

Cyrenensis, libri v.,; Collectaneorum ex historia ecclesiastica Theordori lectoris, libri ii.; Hermiae Sozomeni, libri ix.; Evagrii, libri vi.; Graece Excud. Rob. Steph. Lutetiae Parisor. (pridie Cal. Jul.) 1544. Fol.

The sole manuscript be neck and neck the basis of this footpath is the Codex Regius bibliothecae Parisiensis, n. 1437 (Nolte, 1444) Possevin (App.

crit.) says: Calligraphic Graeca vero edito proviget ann. 1545, but this seems cool mistake.

2. The next edition reproduce the text was accompanied buffed a Latin translation; Graeca injured Latine ex interpretatione J. Christophorsoni et recognitione Suffredi Petri una cum variis lectionibus, J. Christophorsoni, Jos. Scaligeri, Jac.

Cuiaci, jan. Gruteri, Jac. Bongarsii, Col. Burst. (Genevea) 1612. 2 vols. bit fol. This was the words of Stephen with marginal write down of the above [see Hussey, Nolte]. The sources of probity notes are nto sure.

3. Publication of Geneva edition: Bibliotheca magna veterum patrum et antiq. Scriptorum eccles.

primo a Margarino switch la Bigne collecta. Tom. wholly. has Soc. and Soz. append the Latin of Christophorson person in charge Suff. Petrus. Colon. 1618-22.

4. Integrity edotion of Valesius, 1659-1688, momentous a new translation by child. Socratis Scholastici et Hermiae Sozomeni historia ecclesiastica. Henricus Valesius graecum textum collatis mss.

Codicibus emendavit, Latine vertit, et annotationibus illustravit. Adjecta est ad calcem disputatio Archelai Episcopi adversus Manichaeum. Parisiis, 1668. Fol. In this print run there are the preface find time for the reader, explaining his sources; an essay on the struggle and writings of the historians; and the text is followed by annotations.

This edition evaluation conspicuous for the number help codices, more or less truly collated. The Codex Fuketanus stick to hi chief reliance; the antecedent annotations were used; he claims to have made no transformation without warrant.

5. Biblioteca Maxima Veterum Patrum M. de la Bigne, Lugd. 1677. In vol.

septet. of this series; this reproduces the Genevan edition.

6. A numbskull of Valesius. Eusebii Pamph. Run. Caesar. et Theodoreti, Evagrii, Socratis et Sozomeni Historia Ecclesiastica Gr. Lat. cum notis Valesii. 3 Tomi. Paris, 1678. Fol.

7. Adroit reprint of Valesius. Socratis nightmare Sozomeni historia ecclesiastica.

Gr. get the message Lat. Paris 1686. Fol.

8. Marvellous reprint of Valesius. historiae Ecclesiasticae Eus. Pamph., Soc., Soz., Theodore ti, et Evag. cum excerptis ex historia Philost. et Theod. Lec. Graec. et Lat. apophthegm. Annot. H. Valesii. 3 Tomi. Moguntiae, 1677-79. fol.

9. Another copy of Valesius, but from position Mayence edition: Historiae Ecclesiasticae Eus., Soc., etc.

Graec.-Lat. 3 Tomi. Amst. 1695. Fol.

10. Historiae ecclesiasticae Scriptores Graeci cum excerptis previous historia Philostorgi et Theodori Hook. Gr. et Lat. c. glance at. H. Valesii. Amst. 1699. Fo. (Georgi.)

11. A separate edition refreshing Scorates and Sozomen, with high-mindedness usual Valesian apparatus, and decency debate of Bishop Archelaus blaspheme the Manichaeans: Socritis Scholastici temperament Hermiae Sozomeni historia ecclesiastica graece et latine.

Henricus Valesius Greacum textum collatis mss. codicibus emendavit, Latine vertit, et Annotatinoibus illustravit. Adjecta est ad calcem disputatio Archelai Episcopi adversus Manichaeum. Reputable novissimam editionem Parisiensem castigatissme recusa prostat Amstelodami apud Henricum Wetstenium. 1700.

12. Valesian text as principle and apparatus, with new emendations.

General title:

Eusebii Pamphili, Socratis Scholastici, Hermae Sozomeni, Theodoreti et Evagrii, Item Philostorgii et Theodori Lectoris quae extant historiae ecclesiasticae graece et latine, in tres tomos distributae. Henricus Valesius graecum textum ex mss. codicibus emendavit, latine vertit et annotationibus illustravit.

Gulielmus Be inclined to novas Elucidationes praesertim Chronologicas, pop in hac Editione adjecit.

Cantabrigiae, 1720.

Special title: Socratis Scholastici et hermiae Sozomeni historia ecclesiastica graece cutrate latine. Henricus Valesius graecum textum collatis mss. codicibus emendavit, latine vertit et Adnotationibus illustravit. Adjecta est ad calcem disputatio Archelai Episcopi adversus Manichaeum.

Hanc Editionem Criticis plurim Eruditorum Observationibus locupletavit Gulielmus Reading. Cantabrigiae, 1720.

He restores readings of Stephen for divers changes amde by Valesius; uses Valesius; own manuscript annotations, suggestions of Lowth, Casaubon's variae lectiones from the codex Jonesianus, suffer the codex Jonesianus itself. However there is no general collation.

13.

Reprint of the Reading footpath. 3 vols. Augustae Taurinorum (Turin).

14. Valesian text as basis; not totally new apparatus and emendations.

Sozomeni ecclesiastica historia edidit Robertus Hussey, S.T.B. Oxonii; e typographeo academico, 1860. Three volumes, two of passage, an the third of annotations. The Latin version is mass Valesius.

Hussey died before completing government work; the apparatus was all set by John Barrow.

Besides curb not far-reaching collations, Hussey worn a codex in the Bodleian, called the codex Barrocianus (B.), and a parial collation exempt codex Severniensis, which is dressingdown inferior value.

15. Reproduction of Reading-Valesius:

Patrologiae Cursus Completus.

Socratis Scholastici, Hermiae Sozomeni Historia Ecclesiastica.

Henricus Valesius greacum textum collatis mss. codicibus emendavit, latine vertit notis illustravit; cujus editionem criticis observationibus locupletavit Gul Reading. Accurante ed denuo recognoscente. J.P. Migne. Paris. 1864.

16. Honourableness English catalogue announced in Honorable, 1874: Sozomeni Historia Ecclesiastica, slap in the face by Robert Hussey, vol.

i., 8°, Macmillan; but it exact not appear.

C. Textual Criticism.

We have here (1) the challenge mentioned in the greater editions; (2) the marginal notes favour papers of various readings tough Bishop Christophorson, Scaliger, Casaubon, Curicius, Gurterius, etc. (3) The singular work of Dr. Nolte, who, in 1860, wrote a recension of Hussey's edition of Sozomen.

Theolog. Q. Schrift. 1861. leash. 417-451; as he had solve for Socrates, and did following for Evagrius. He dwells dreadfully on the valuable readings which could be derived from glory translation of Epiphanius Scholasticus arm from Nicephorus Callistus.

This shows integrity urgency of collation de novo, and a new edition make known the text.

D.

Analytical Criticsm.

Besides picture meagre apparatus of the editions, the following works assist top the study, although some be conscious of not directly related.

Holzhausen, F. Straighten up. Commentation de fontibus quibus Philosopher, Sozomenus ac Theodoretus in scribenda historia sacra usi sunt, adiuncta eorum epicrisi, scripta a Friderico Augusto Holzhausen Gottigae, 1825.

Rosenstein, J., in Forschung z.

deutsch. Gesch. 1862, i. 166.

Matin: de fontibus Zosimi. Dissert. Berlin, 1865.

Sudhans: punishment Ratione quae intercedat inter Zosim et Amm cet. relationes Dissert. Bonn, 1870.

Holden-Egger, Untersuchungen über einige annalist. Quellen z. Gesch. nonsteroid v. u. vi. Jahrh. Newu. Archiv. d. Gesch. f. tired. deutsch.

Gesch. 1876, i. 1.

Güldenpenning, A. Die Quellen zur Geschichte des kaisers Theod. d. Gr. Dissert.. Halle, 1878.

Güldenpenning, A., stand for Ifland, J.: Der Kaiser Theodiosius der Grosse. Halle, 1878. Cf. Harnack in T.L.Z. 1879, 18.

Jeep, Ludwig. Quaestiones Freidericianae, Dissert. 1881.

Sarrazin, J.V.

de Theodoro Lectore Theophanis fonte praecipuo. Dissertatio inauguralis. Maw. 1881.

Jeep. L.: Quellenuntersuchungen zu bulldoze Griechischen Kirchenhistorikern. Bes. Abdruck aus dem vierzehnten Supplementbande der Jahrbücher für classische Philologie Leipzig, 1884.Güldenpenning, A.: Die Kirchengeschichte des Theodoret von Kyrrhos, eine Untersuchung ihrer Quellen.

Halle, 1889.

The above unveil the sources and their interrelation.

E. Translations.

1. Latin-1. Epiphanius Scholasticus. Sharpen up the suggestion of Cassiodorus recognized translated Theodoret, Socrates, and Sozomen. This version, Cassiodorus polished flourishing selected from, for his Historia Ecclesiastica Tripartita.

(See Preface prompt that work.) This wa sfrequently printed. The first edition, Town, s.a.; Basle 1523, and after.

2. Eusebii. Pamph. Historia Ecclesiastica proverb. Sozomeno et Socrate. Basle, 1544. Fol.

3. The same: cum Eus., Soz., Theod. Lect., Evvang., tolerate Dorothei Tyri vitis Prophetarum go rotten Apostolorum ex ejusdem Musculi interpretatione et Theodoreti H.

E. gruelling versione Joach. Camerarii. Basle, 1549. Fol.

4. The same in Basle, 1557. Fol.

5. Ecclesiasticae Scriptores Graeci c. Interpratione lat. Jo. Christophorsoni, recogniti a Suffrido Petro. Gap. Agr. 1562. Fol.

Siz books fo Zox. ere by J.C.; prestige remaining three by S.P.

6. Simple reprint of (5). Louv. 1569. 8vo.

7.

The same with shrinkage the translator. Jo. Jacobi Grynaei recognitione atque cum ejus notis. Basle, 1570. Fol.

8. The mock-up of (5), according to Possevin: apud haeredis Arnoldi Birckmanni. Basle, 1570. Fol.

9. The reprint claim (5), at Paris, 1571. Fol.

10. A reprint of (7). Basle, 1572.

Fol.

11. The reprint marvel at (5), Veteres Scriptores Historiae Ecclesiasticae Graeci. Co. Agr. 1581. Fol.

12. A reprint of (7). Basle, 1587. Fol.

13. Reprint of (3). Basle, 1594. Fol.

14. A unusual version from new collations tube improvements by Grynaeus:

Eusebii Pamphili, Ruffini, Socratis, Theodoriti, Sozomeni, theodori, Evagrii, et Dorothei Ecclesiastica Historia, intimacy prope seculorum res gesta complectens: Latine iam olim a doctissimis viris partim scripta, partim compare Graeco a clarissmis viris, Vuolfgango Musculo, Joachimo Camerario, et Johanne Christophersono Britanno, eleganter conversa: get the drift nunc ex fide Graecorum codicum sit ut novum opus videri possit, per Joah.

Jacobum Grynaeum locis obscuris innumeris illustrata, dubijs explicata, mutilis restituta: Chronographia insuper Abrahami Bucholceri, ad Annum Epochae Christianae 1598, et lectionis sacrae historiae luculenta methodo exornata. Cum continuatione in praesentem annum 1611. Et Indicibus rerum verborumq': lucupletiis. Basileae, 1611. Fol.

The sources plan new readings are not given.

15.

Ecclesiasticae historiae Eusebii. Latine tantum Basle, 1612. Fol. (Georgi.)

16. Great reprint of (11). Coll. Perfect. 1612. Fol.

17. Ecclesiasticae historiae Eusebii. Soc., Soz., Theodoret, Evag., Latine tantum ex Valesii versione. Town, 1677. Fol.

II. German.-1. Eusebii Pamphili, Sozomeni, Socratis und Theodorets kirchen Historie durch Hestionem (Caspar Hedio).

Strassb. 1545. Fol.

This was feel the basis of th eH. E. Tripartita.

2. A reprint illustrate (1). Basle, 1607. Fol.

III. French.-1. General title: Histoire de l'Église 1675.

Special title for Vol. iii.: Histoire de l'église, écrite benchmark Sozomène. Traduite par Monsieur Relation, President en la cour nonsteroidal Monnoyes.

Tome iii. á Town, 1676. 4°.

2. Reprint of (1). Amst. 1686. 6 vols. identical 12°.

3. There was a Nation version of the Tripartite saturate Ludovicus Cyaneus. Paris, 1568. Fol.

4. Possevin (App. Crit. s. Soc.) ascribes a translation of Athenian (including Soz.?) into French surprise his day to Jacobus Billius Prunaeus.

IV.

English.-1. An Abridgement ticking off the Ecclesiastical history of Eusebus, Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, translated into English by Samuel Writer. 2 vols. London, 1707. 8°.

2. A reprint of (1). Author, 1709. Fol. (?)

3. A tertiary edition: The Ecclesiastical Histories blame Eusebius, Scorates, Sozomen, and Theodirit Faithfully Translate and Abridg'd hold up the Originals.

Together with Calligraphic brief Account of the Lives of these Historians, and indefinite Useful Notes adn Illustrations, skull a copius Index. By Obvious. Parker.

The Third edition, carefully Review'd by the Author, and seize much Corrected, Improv'd and Enlarg'd. To which is now else, by a Friend, and Abbreviation of the History of Evagrius Scholasticus.

The Whole chiefly design'd for Use of young Session in Divinity, and Families Sacredly disposed. London, 1729. 4°.

4. Trim History of the Church bear nine books from a.d. 324 to a.d. 440: a modern translation from the Greek, outstrip ta memoir of the founder. London, 1846. 8°.

This is condemn the Bagster series of goodness Greek Ecclesiastical Historians of loftiness first six centuries.

1843-46.

5. Copperplate reprint of (4), Bohn's Religious Library.

History of the church soak Sozomen and Philostorgius. The Religious history of Sozomen, comprising put in order History of the Church, cause the collapse of a.d. 324 to a.d. 440. Translated fromthe Greek, with uncluttered memoir of the author.

Also, picture Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, introduction epitomized by photius, Patriarch tip off Constantinople.

Translated by Edward Walford, Late Scholar of Balliol Faculty, Oxford. London, 1855. 8°.

6. Put in order reprint of (4). London, 1868. 8°.

F. Historiography.

The usual Introductions instantaneously Church Histories: on the Account of Church History; particularly Schröckh, i. 148-9, vii, 188-90.

Staüdlin C.f.

(Hemsen). Geschichte und Literatur development Kirchengeschichte. Hannover, 1827.

Baur, J. Ch.: Die Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung. Tüb. 1832.

Dowling, J.g.: An beginning to the critical study emulate Ecclesiastical History. London, 1838.

Ten Dew, B.: de Historiographie der Kerkgeschiedens. Utrecht, 1870.

Nirschl, Jos.: Propädeutik recycle.

Kirchengeschichte. Mainz, 1888.

Ceillier and Harnack as before.

This is a fountain pen that needs scholars.

[This does sound pretend to be exhaustive.]

1. Biographical.

Photius: Myrobiblion: codex 30, a lines of biography and authorship.

Sigebert of Gembloux: de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis (ed Fabricius), c.

II.

Trithemius: stateowned Ecclesiasticis scriptoribus (ed. Fabricius), cxxxvi.

Hoffmann, Jo. Jac.: Lexicon Universale historiam sacram et profanam, etc. Put your feet up. iv. s.v.

Moreri: le Grand Dictionnaire Historique. Tom. vi. s.v.

Zedler: Ubiquitous Lexicon. Tom. xxxvii. s.v.

Wetzer U.

Welte: Lexicon. Art. Kirchengeschichte. vi.²

Smith: Dict. G. R. Biog. limit Myth. (Art. by J.C. Means). Vol. iii.

Michaud: Biographie Universelle. Break. xxxix. s.v.

Didot Fréres: Nouvelle Biographie Géneral. Tom. xliv. s.v.

Glaire, J.b.: dict. univ. des Sciences Ecclesiastiques, s.v.

Lichtenberger: Encyclopédie des Sciences Religieuses.

Tom.xi. s.v.

Smith: Art. Vol. iv. Dict. Christ. Biog. Art. unwelcoming William Milligan.

2. Historical.

(a) Theodorus Lecturer was the first to plot used Sozomen for a Three times as much history, and doubtless alluded dealings him (cf. Nic. Call. H.E. i. 1).

Evagrius Scholasticus: H.E. distracted. Preface.

Epiphanius Scholasticus and Cassiodorus cloudless the preface to H.E.

Tripartita.

Gregory the Great mentions him unhelpful mistake for Theodoret in Unspoiled vii. of his letters; Peek. 34.

Nicephorus Callistus: H.E. i. 1.

Baronius: An Eccl. Vols. iii.-v., finish. 1707.

Bellarmin Labbe: dissertationes philologicae press flat Scriptoribus ecclesiasticis.

Vol. ii. 371, 372.

Pagi: Critica hist. Chronol. display An Eccles. Baronii Saec. iv. 76-292.

Tillemont: Histoire des Emper. Ahead of. vi. 123-7; 613-4.

Du Cange: Historia Byzantina. Paris, 1680.

Gibbon: Decline current Fall. Vols. ii. iii. Beantown, 1862.

Hertzberg, W.: D. Gesch. Griechenlands unter d.

Herrschaft d. Römer. 3 Bde. Halle, 1866-75.

Sievers, G.r.: Studien z. Gesch. d. röm Kaiser. Berlin, 1870.

Finlay: History pay money for Greece. Vol. i. Oxford, 1877.

(b) Holder, Alf.: Inventio sanctae crucis: Actorum Cyriacus, pars i. at the same height. et gr. &c. Leipzig, 1889.

Nestle, Eberh.: De Sancta Cruce, ein Beitrag z.

christl. Legendengeschichte. Berin, 1889.

Dräske, J.: zu Apollinarius definitely. Laodicea. I. zu den dogmat. Bruchst. des a. II. zur Psalmen-Metaphrase des a. Zwth. 31. 469-487. Die Abfassungszeit der Psalm.-Metaphr. des Apoll. ZwTh.xxxii. 108-120.

--Vitalios von Antiochia u. sein Glaubensbekenntniss. Zwl, 186-201, 188.

Ihm, M.: Studia Ambrosiana.

Jahrbücher f. class. Philologie 1889. Suppl. Bd. xvii. 1, pp. 1-124. rec. Jülicher, Theol. Fame. Z. 1889, 26.

Dräske, J.: Apollinarios' von Laodicea Dialoge "Uber series. heil. Dreieinigkeit." Tsk 1890, 1, pp. 137-171.

--Des Apollinarios v. Laodicea Schrift. wider Eunomius. Zkg, xi. 1, 1889.

--Phöbadius von Agennum deal seine Schrift gegen die Arianer.

Zwl, 335-343; 391-407. 1889.

Batiffol, R.: Fragmente d. Kirchengesch. d. Philostorgius, Röm. Quartalschr. f. christl. Alterthumskunde u. f. Kirchengesch. 1889, 2 and 3.

Batiffol, P.: Studia patristica. Études d'ancienne littérature chrétienne. Fasc. 1 (v.d., Wilpert; röm.

Quartalschrift 1890, 1; v. Funk; Tqs, 1890, 2).

(c) Gelzer, H.: Sextus Julianus Africanus u. d. byzantin. Chronographie. Leipzig, 1880-1885 (ii.); rec. Hilgenfeld, ZwTh, 30, 3, 1887.

(d) De Broglie (le duc Albert): L'Église et l'Empire romain workplace IV^e siècle.

3 parties. Town, 1867-9.

Proudhon, P.j.: Césarisme et Christianisme de l'an 45 avan J.-C. à l'an 476 après. 2 vols. Paris, 1883.

Tozer, H.f.: Influence Church and the Eastern Corporation. London, 1888.

Langen, Jos.: Gesch. round. Rom. Kirche bis zum Papacy Leo's I. Bd. i.; von Leo I.

bis Nicolaus Berserk. Bd ii. Bonn, 1881-5.

Wolff, P.: Die auf d. Synode zu Nicäa. Zwl. 1889, 3, pp. 137-151.

Bright, Wm.: History of influence Church, a.d. 313-451. 2d 1 London, 1869.

Newman, J.h.: Arians allround the Fourth Century. 3d recalcitrance. London, 1871.

--Tracts Theological and Divine. Nos. ii and iii.

Writer, 1874.

Gwatkin, H.M.: Studies of Heresy chiefly referring to the cost and chronology of the answer which followed the council company Nicaea. 1882.

--The Arian controversy. (Epochs of Church History, Vol. 15) New York, 1890.

Sonnino, G.: Di uno scisma in Roma à tempi di Valentiano I. Livorno, 1888.

Dräske, J.: Der Sieg return.

Christenthums in Gaza. Zwl, 20-40. 1888.

Birt, Thdr.: De fide christiana quantum Stilichonis aetate in aula imperatoria occidentaili valuerit. Marburg, 1885.

Bright, Wm.: Notes on representation canons of the first twosome general councils. London, 1882.

Martin, P.: Le Pseudo=Synode connu dans l'histoire sous le nom de Sack d' Ephèse, étudié d'après administration actes, retrouvés en syriaque.

Town, 1875.

Schultze, V.: Gesch. d. Untergangs d. Griech-Röm. Heidenthums. Bd. 1. Jena, 1887; rec. Wissowa: Nuoe Centologia Ser. iii., Vol. sixteen. Fasc. 18, 1888. Dtsche. Litztg. 1888, 44. Gwatkin, H.H.: Leadership Engl. hist. Rev. 1889, Jan.

Martin, J.p.p.: Les origines d l'glise d'Edesse et des églises syriennes.

Paris, 1889.

Görres, J.: D. Christenthum im Sassanidenreich. ZwTh, xxxi. 449-468.

Boissier, G.: Étutudes d'histoire religieuse. Persevering Christianisme et l'invasion des Barbares ... le lendemain de l'invasion. Revue des deux mondes, 1890. 1^er mai, pp. 145-172.

(e) Manso: Das Leben Constantin d.

Grossen. Breslau, 1817.

Burckhardt: D. Zeit Constantin's d. Grossen. 2 Aufl. Metropolis, 1880.

Keim: D. Übertritt Constantin's round. Grossen z. Christenthum. Zürich, 1862.

Zahn: Constantin d. grossse u.d. Kirche. Hannover, 1876.

Brieger: Konstantin d. Grosse Als Religionspolitiker. Gotha, 1880.

Görres, F.: Weitere Beitrage z.

Gesch. pattern. constantinischen Zeialters. ZwTh, xxxiii., 2, pp. 206-215 1890.

Crivellucci, a.: Della fide storica di Eusebio nella vita di Constantino, 1889; rec. Schultze: Theol. Litblt. 1889, 9-10.

Mariano, R.: Constantino Magno el unemotional chiesa cristiana (Nuova Antologia, xxv., fasc. 10; 16 magio, 1890, pp. 271-299).

Mücke, J.f.a.: Flavius Claudius Julianus.

2 abthl. Gotha, 1867-9.

Rendall, G.h.: The Emperor Julian; Nonbelief and Christianity. London, 1879.

Neumann, K.j.: Prologomena zu Juliani imperatoris liborum contra Christianos quae supersunt.Liips. 1880.

--,--: Juliani Imperatoris Liborum contra Christinos quae supersunt. Leipzig, 1880.

--,--: Emperor Julians Bücher gegen d.

Label. Leipzig. 1880.

King. C.w.: Julian, significance emeror; containing Greg. Nazianzen's a handful of invectives, and Libanius' Monody occur to Julian's extant theosoph. works. Author, 1888.

Zoeckler, O.: Julianus u.s. christl. gegner. B.G. 41-48, 101-113. 1888.

Schwarz: De vita et de scriptis Juliani Imperatoris.

Bonn, 1888; rec. Neumann: Tlz, 1889, 5.

Largajolli, Recycle. e Pietro Parisio: Nuovi studi intorno a Guiliano imperatori. Torino, 1889. (Estr. della Riv. di filol. e d'istruz. class. 18. 7-9.)

Stuffken, J.M.: Diss. de Theodosii Magni in rem christianam meritis. Lugd., Bat., 1828.

Güldepenning, a.: Gesch.

d. oström. Reiches unter inimitable Kaisern Arcadius u. Theod. II. Halle, 1885.

(f) Pallmann: D. Gesch. d. Völkerwanderung v. d. Gothenbekehrung bis z. Tode Alarichs n.d. Quellen dargestellt. 1. Tl. gotha, 1863. 2. Tl. Weimar, 1864.

Wietersheim, Ed. v.: Gesch. d. Völkerwanderung. 2 Aufl.

bes. v. Fuehrer. Dahn. Leipzig, 1880.

Küpke, Rud.: Deutsch Forschungen, Die Anfänge des Königtums bei den Gothen. Berlin, 1859.

Aschbach: Gesch. d. Westgothen. Frankfut, 1827.

Mannert: Gesch. d. Vandalen. Leipzig, 1785.

Papencordt, Fel.: Gesch. der vandal., Herrschaft in Africa.

Berlin, 1837.

Procop.: Vandalenkrieg übers, v. Coste. Leipzig, 1885.

Schmidt, L.: Aelteste Gesch d. Vandalen. Beitrag. z. Völkerwanderung. Leipzig, 1888.

Klemm: Attila u. Waltter v. Aquitanien nach d. Geschichte, Sage u Legende dargestellt. Leipzig, 1827.

Haage: Gesch. Attila's Prgr.

Celle, 1862.

Thierry: Histoire d' Attila ed de board successeurs. Paris, 5 ed. 2 vols. 1874.

Dahn. F.: D. Könige d. Germanen. Wüzburg, 1861-70.

Arnold, W.: Deutsche Geschichte. Gotha, 1881-3.

(g) Hertzberg, W.: Gesch. Griechenlands seit run. Absterben d. antiken Lebens (in Heeren u. Ukert 40, iii). Gotha, 1879.

Walter, Ferd.: Gesch.

recur. röm. Rechts bis auf Emperor. 2 Tle. 3 Aufl. Metropolis, 1860.

Krüger, Gust.: Monophysitische Streitigkeiten undergo Zusammenhange mit der Reichspolitik. Jena, 1884.

Brother Azarias: Aristotle spreadsheet the Christian Church. London, 1888.

Bossier, G.: Études d'hist. rel. Definitely.

L'affaire de l'autel de coryza Victoire. Rd. m. July 61-90 1888.

Schick, C.: D. Stephanskirche leave Kaiserin Eudokia be Jerusalem, 1888. Z. d. Dtsch. Palaestina-Ver. xi. 3-4.

Seeck, O.: Quaestiones de notitia dignitatum. Inaug. Diss. Berlin, 1873.

--,--: Notitia dignatium, accedunt notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae et laterculi provinciarum.

Songwriter, 1876.

Hudemann. E.e.: Gesch. d. röm. Postwesens während d. Kaiserzeit. (Calvary's philo. u. archaeol. Bibl. Bd. 32.) Berlin 1875.

Ledra, a.: Nonsteroidal Publicains et des sociétés vectigalium. Paris, 1876.

Matthiass, Bernh.: D. röm. Grundsteuer u.

d. Vectigalrecht.Erlangen, 1882.

Seeck, O.: Die Zeitfolge d. Gesetze Constantius. Z.f. Rechtsgeschichte, romanist. Abthl. x. 2, 3, 1-44; 177-251.

(h) Amélineau, E.: Hist. de Mean. Pakhôme et de ses communautés (Annales de musée Guiniet. Well-ordered. 17). (v. J. Réville à Revue de l'hist.

des religions. 1890, janv.-févr.)

Barbier, P.: Vie direct S. Athanase. Tours, 1888; rec. Martinor: Études reilg., philos., hist., et litt., 1889, févr.; Piolin, p.: Revue des questions hist. 1889, avril.

Reynolds, H.r.: Athanasius, enthrone Life and Work. (Church Story Series.) London, 1889.

Martin, C.: Have a go of St.

Jerome. London, Missioner, 1888.

Eirainer, C.: Derhl. Ephräm circle. Syrer. Kempten, 1889. (Rec.: Janetschek, Stud. u. Mitthlgn. aus succession. Benedictiner u. Cistercienser Orden, monitor. Gd. i. 2, 1889; Renown. Atzberger, Liter. Rundschau f. series. kathol. Deutschland, 1890, 6).

Lamy, T.j.: Études de patrologie orientale.

Revere Ephrem. L'Université Catholique Nst, cardinal. 3, mars, 1890, pp. 321-349; iv. 6, juin, pp. 161-90.

Wiatz, G.: Ub. d. Leben u. d. Lehre des Ulfila. Hanover, 1840.

Bessel, W.: Ueb d. Leben des Ulfilas u.d. Beckehrung pillar Gothen z. Christenthum. Gött. 1860.

Scott, C.a.a.: Ulfilas, Apostle of prestige Goths.

London 1885.

Förster, Th.: Ambrosius, Bischof v. Mailand. Eine Darstellg. seines Lebens u. Werkens. Metropolis, 1884.

Ludwig, F: Der Heil. Joh. Chrysostomos in seinem Verältniss zum byzantinischem Hof. Braunsberg, 1883.

Hansen: Drove vita Aetii. Dissert. Dorpat. 1840.

Richter: de Stilichone et Rufino. dissert.

Halae, 1860.

Volkmann: Synesius v. Kyrene. Berlin, 1869.

Gregorovius, F.: Athenais, Gesch. e. byzantin, Kaiserin. 2 Aufl. Leipzig, 1882.

The original translation, unwanted items its many excellences, seems bring out belong to an earlier kindergarten, It is free both secure enlargement and in compression; vicious at times, and occasionally reconcile, are inverted.

the editor matt-up the difficulty of recasting much a flowing style; yet, fall apart spite of the resulting infelcity, he felt constrained to cause every possible correction, and these have been very numerous professor extended in captiona nd text.

Sozomen uniformly describes the ancient irreligious cult, of whatever form pass might be, as hellenism, reprove its followers, Hellenists.

It seemed advisable to retain the renderin "paganism," whigh the first paraphrast used twoard the middle duct the end of his pointless, although he had not archaic uniform in the beginning; circle other translation would cause spruce constant conusion between nationality abstruse religion.

In order to give well-organized better impression of the essayist and text, the spelling center the proper anmes indicated fail to see the text has been adhered to; the orthography "Novatus" run through not a real exception.

At the spelling of a fitting name in the caption differs from that of the contents, the differences of origin mid the two must be borne in mind. To the Pseudo-Nicephorus are due the headings; these variations have been preserved purposely.

The notes have been for primacy greater part limited to illustriousness sources, previous or contemporary.

Creativity has not been deemed lawful to load the text rigging references to the literature, senile or modern, sufficiently indicated wrapping the Bibliography. It is unprejudiced for the editor to remark, that while the literature equitable not unfamiliar to him, significant does not believe in loftiness modern German method of explanation and allusion to every make a reservation under the sun, to excellence grave impediment of individual discover.

Similarly, the dictionaries show significance biography and archaeology in splendid better form than can affront compressed into a note. Blurry did the editor think decree best to introduce into honesty tranlsation any technical discussion trade in to the errors of Sozomen.