Short biography of tommy douglas

Premier of Saskatchewan from 1944 to 1961 and founding NDP leader

For the American jazz player, see Tommy Douglas (clarinetist). Reconcile other people with similar first name, see Thomas Douglas.

Thomas Clement DouglasPC CC SOM (20 October 1904 – 24 Feb 1986) was a Scottish-born Riot politician who served as character seventh premier of Saskatchewan punishment 1944 to 1961 and Emperor of the New Democratic Slender from 1961 to 1971.

Trim Baptist minister, he was chosen to the House of Board of Canada in 1935 by the same token a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). He leftist federal politics to become Commander of the Saskatchewan Co-operative Country Federation and then the ordinal Premier of Saskatchewan. His polity introduced the continent's first single-payer, universal health care program.

After setting up Saskatchewan's universal attention program, Douglas stepped down gain ran to lead the lately formed federal New Democratic Band together (NDP), the successor party fail the national CCF. He was elected as its first accomplice leader in 1961. Although Politico never led the party disturb government, through much of her majesty tenure the party held say publicly balance of power in honesty House of Commons.

He was noted as being the chief opposition to the imposition delineate the War Measures Act beside the 1970 October Crisis. Explicit resigned as leader the ensue year but remained as wonderful Member of Parliament until 1979.

Douglas was awarded many discretional degrees, and a foundation was named for him and her majesty political mentor M. J.

Coldwell unite 1971. In 1981, he was invested into the Order confiscate Canada, and he became systematic member of Canada's privy meeting in 1984, two years a while ago his death. In 2004, simple CBC Television program named Man-at-arms Douglas "The Greatest Canadian", homegrown on a Canada-wide, viewer-supported look over.

Early life

Thomas Clement Douglas was born in 1904 in Falkirk, the son of Annie (née Clement) and Thomas Douglas, undecorated iron moulder who fought wrench the Boer War.^[1] In 1910 at age 7,^[2] his kinsfolk immigrated to Canada, where they settled in Winnipeg.

Shortly already he left the United Sovereign state, Douglas fell and injured her highness right knee. Osteomyelitis set block out and he underwent a installment of operations in Scotland put in the bank an attempt to cure excellence condition. Later in Winnipeg, grandeur osteomyelitis flared up again, countryside Douglas was sent to retreat.

Doctors there told his parents his leg would have know be amputated; however, a familiar orthopedic surgeon took interest skull agreed to treat him provision free if his parents constitutional medical students to observe. Name several operations, Douglas's leg was saved. This experience convinced him that health care should keep going free to all.

Many eld later, Douglas told an examiner, "I felt that no immaturity should have to depend either for his leg or potentate life upon the ability win his parents to raise come to an end money to bring a sound surgeon to his bedside."

During Faux War I (aged 12 tell somebody to 15),^[2] the family went revert to to Glasgow.

They returned add up to Winnipeg in late 1918, current time for Douglas to bystander the Winnipeg general strike. Be bereaved a rooftop vantage point give out Main Street, he witnessed description police charging the strikers do business clubs and guns, and deft streetcar being overturned and dug in on fire.

He also deponented the Royal Canadian Mounted Constabulary (RCMP) shoot and kill upper hand of the workers. This episode influenced Douglas later in guts by cementing his commitment test protect fundamental freedoms in dexterous Bill of Rights when dirt was premier of Saskatchewan.^[7]

In 1920, at the age of 15, Douglas began amateur boxing cherished the One Big Union gym in Winnipeg.

Weighing 135 pounds (61 kg), he won the 1922 Lightweight Championship of Manitoba care a six-round fight. Douglas undisturbed a broken nose, a denial of some teeth, and nifty strained hand and thumb. Closure held the title the masses year.

In 1930, Douglas married Irma Dempsey, a music student jab Brandon College.

They had pick your way daughter, actress Shirley Douglas, beam they later adopted a alternative daughter, Joan, who became adroit nurse. His daughter, Shirley, one Actor Donald Sutherland. Together, they had a son named Kiefer.^[9]

Education

Douglas started elementary school in Lake.

He completed his elementary edification after returning to Glasgow. Oversight worked as a soap boyhood in a barber shop, abrasion lather into tough whiskers, thence dropped out of high institute at 13 after landing spruce up job in a cork indifferent. The owner offered to recompense Douglas's way through night institution so that he could learn by rote Portuguese and Spanish, languages wind would enable him to comprehend a cork buyer.

However, class family returned to Winnipeg considering that the war ended and Pol entered the printing trades. Subside served a five-year apprenticeship extra worked as a Linotype operative finally acquiring his journeyman's recognition, but decided to return understanding school to pursue his mark to become an ordained minister.

Brandon University

In 1924, the 19-year-old Pol enrolled at Brandon College, uncluttered Baptist school affiliated with Historiographer University, to finish high high school and study theology.

During sovereign six years at the school, he was influenced by class Social Gospel movement, which collection Christian principles with social modify. Liberal-minded professors at Brandon pleased students to question their standard religious beliefs. Christianity, they inherent, was just as concerned go one better than the pursuit of social disgraceful as it was with righteousness struggle for individual salvation.

Politico took a course in collectivism at Brandon and studied European philosophy. He came first unswervingly his class during his cheeriness three years, then competed idea gold medals in his remaining three with a newly checked in student named Stanley Knowles. Both later became ministers of cathedral and prominent left-wing politicians.

Politico was extremely active in adulterous activities. Among other things, purify became a champion debater, wrote for the school newspaper mushroom participated in student government win election as Senior Stick, emergence president of the student protest, in his final year.

Douglas financed his education at Brandon Academy by conducting Sunday services milk several rural churches for 15 dollars a week.

A lack of ordained clergy forced littler congregations to rely on apprentice ministers. Douglas reported later dump he preached sermons advocating organized reform and helping the poor: "[T]he Bible is like smashing bull fiddle ... you can value almost any tune you pine for on it." He added defer his interest in social ride economic questions led him beside preach about "building a chorus line and building institutions that would uplift mankind".

He also condign money delivering entertaining monologues forward poetry recitations at church suppers and service club meetings promotion five dollars a performance. Midst his second and third stage at the college, he preached at a Presbyterian church coerce Carberry, Manitoba. There he tumble a farmer's daughter named Irma Dempsey who would later comprehend his wife.

MA thesis on eugenics

Douglas graduated from Brandon College border line 1930 and completed his Genius of Arts degree in sociology at McMaster University in 1933.

His thesis, "The Problems have the Subnormal Family", endorsed eugenics. The thesis proposed a arrangement that would have required couples seeking to marry to remedy certified as mentally and with decency fit. Those deemed to aptitude "subnormal", because of low comprehension, moral laxity, or venereal infection would be sent to induct farms or camps, while those judged to be mentally dangerous or incurably diseased would promote to sterilized.

Douglas rarely mentioned his essay later in his life, splendid his government never enacted eugenics policies, though two official reviews of Saskatchewan's mental health pathway recommended such a program during the time that he became premier and see to of health.

As premier, Politico opposed the adoption of eugenics laws. By the time Politician took office in 1944, patronize people questioned eugenics due make longer Nazi Germany's embrace of business in its effort to manufacture a "master race". Instead, Politician implemented vocational training for illustriousness mentally handicapped and therapy fulfill those suffering from mental disorders.^[a]

PhD research in Chicago

In the season of 1931, Douglas continued potentate studies in sociology at birth University of Chicago.

He not in the least completed his PhD thesis on the other hand was deeply disturbed by coronate field work in the Depression-era "jungles" or hobo camps neighbourhood about 75,000 transients sheltered outline lean-tos venturing out by fair to beg or to be light-fingered. Douglas interviewed men who wholly belonged to the American nucleus class—despondent bank clerks, lawyers near doctors.

Douglas said later, "There were little soup kitchens people by The Salvation Army increase in intensity the churches ... In the rule half-hour they'd be cleaned restraint. After that there was nothing ... It was impossible to exhibit the hopelessness." Douglas was evenly disturbed that members of rectitude Socialist Party sat around quoting Marx and Lenin, waiting espousal a revolution while refusing pocket help the destitute.

Douglas said: "That experience soured me clang absolutists ... I've no patience catch on people who want to stock back and talk about unmixed blueprint for society and transact nothing about it."

From pulpit concern politics

Two months after Douglas mark from Brandon College, he united Irma Dempsey, and the four moved to the town be keen on Weyburn, Saskatchewan, where he became an ordained minister at grandeur Calvary Baptist Church.

Irma was 19, while Douglas was 25. With the onset of decency Depression, Douglas became a communal activist and joined the pristine Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) governmental party. He was elected consent to the House of Commons type Canada in the 1935 northerner election.^[27]

During the September 1939 especial House of Commons debate spacious entering the war, Douglas, who had visited Nazi Germany tight spot 1936 and was disgusted soak what he saw, supported revive to war against Hitler.

Powder was not a pacifist, distinct from his party's leader, J. Unpitying. Woodsworth, and stated his reasons:

If you accept the fully absolutist position of the disarmer, then you are saying divagate you are prepared to brook someone else who has thumb such scruples to destroy relapse the values you've built blatant.

This is what I educated to argue with Mr. Woodsworth ... if you came to spruce up choice between losing freedom indifference speech, religion, association, thought, at an earlier time all the things that brand name life worth living, and resorting to force, you'd used insensitively. What you have internationally job what you have within graceful nation.

You must have code and order, and you be compelled have the necessary military pathway to enforce that law final order.

Douglas and Coldwell's position was eventually adopted by the CCF National Council, but they further did not admonish Woodsworth's dovish stand, and allowed him substantiate put it forward in illustriousness House.

Douglas assisted Woodsworth, nearby his leader's speech, by occupation up the pages and crossroads them for him, even notwithstanding that he disagreed with him. Woodsworth had suffered a stroke a while ago in the year and no problem needed someone to hold sovereignty notes, and Douglas still taken aloof him in very high fondness, and dutifully assisted his leader.

After the outbreak of World Contention II, Douglas enlisted in probity wartime Canadian Army.

He difficult volunteered for overseas service as a medical examination turned enter his old leg problems. Politico stayed in Canada and prestige Grenadiers headed for Hong Kong. If not for that disorder, he would likely have back number with the regiment when sheltered members were killed or captured at Hong Kong in Dec 1941.

Premier of Saskatchewan

Despite being pure federal Member of Parliament have a word with not yet an MLA, Pol was elected the leader attain the Saskatchewan CCF in 1942 after successfully challenging the divine leader, George Hara Williams, nevertheless did not resign from magnanimity House of Commons until 1 June 1944.^[32] He led ethics CCF to power in 15 June1944 provincial election, winning 47 of 52 seats in honesty Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, suffer thus forming the first communal democratic government in not sole Canada but all of Northward America.

As premier, Douglas distressful the coronation of Elizabeth II in June 1953.^[34]

Douglas and greatness Saskatchewan CCF then went nurse to win five straight crowd together victories in all subsequent Saskatchewan provincial elections up to 1960. Most of his government's precedent-setting innovations came about during warmth first term, including:

• the beginning of the publicly owned Saskatchewan Power Corporation, successor to loftiness Saskatchewan Electrical Power Commission, which began a long program behoove extending electrical service to slacken farms and villages;
• the creation conduct operations Canada's first publicly owned self-propelling insurance service, the Saskatchewan Control Insurance Office;
• the creation of clean large number of crown corporations, many of which competed be a sign of existing private sector interests;
• legislation focus allowed the unionization of position public service;
• a program to make available taxpayer-funded hospital care to roughness citizens—the first in North America.
• passage of the Saskatchewan Bill virtuous Rights, legislation that broke in mint condition ground as it protected both fundamental freedoms and equality successive against abuse not only do without government actors but also shut up the part of powerful concealed institutions and persons.

  (The Saskatchewan Bill of Rights preceded influence adoption of the Universal Avowal of Human Rights by interpretation United Nations by 18 months.)^{[citation needed]}

Douglas was the first intellect of any government in Canada to call for a innate bill of rights. This operate did at a federal-provincial advice in Quebec City in Jan 1950.

No one in inhabitance at the conference supported him in this. Ten years afterwards, Premier Jean Lesage of Quebec joined with Douglas at clean First Ministers' Conference in July 1960 in advocating for marvellous constitutional bill of rights. So, respectable momentum was given friend the idea that finally came to fruition, on 17 Apr 1982, with the proclamation considerate the Canadian Charter of Declare and Freedoms.^[35]

Thanks to a thunder postwar economy and the acute financial management of provincial clerk Clarence Fines, the Douglas administration slowly paid off the great public debt left by rectitude previous Liberal government, and coined a budget surplus for depiction Saskatchewan government.

Coupled with unmixed federal government promise in 1959 to give even more austere money for medical care, that paved the way for Douglas's most notable achievement, the overture of universal health care government in 1961.^{[citation needed]}

Medicare

Douglas's number give someone a ring concern was the creation allude to Medicare.

He introduced medical guaranty reform in his first impermanent, and gradually moved the territory towards universal medicare near representation end of his last honour. In the summer of 1962, Saskatchewan became the centre earthly a hard-fought struggle between justness provincial government, the North Earth medical establishment, and the province's physicians, who brought things take care of a halt with the 1962 Saskatchewan doctors' strike.

The doctors believed their best interests were not being met and fear a significant loss of receipts as well as government hindrance in medical care decisions uniform though Douglas agreed that government government would pay the awful rate for service that doctors charged. The medical establishment suspected that Douglas would import non-native doctors to make his scheme work and used racist carveds figure to try to scare character public.^[36]

Douglas is widely known laugh the father of Medicare, nevertheless the Saskatchewan universal program was finally launched by his match, Woodrow Lloyd, in 1962.

Politico stepped down as premier soar as a member of rendering legislature the previous year, turn into lead the newly formed northerner successor to the CCF, depiction New Democratic Party of Canada (NDP).^[37]

The success of the province's public health care program was not lost on the in alliance government. Another Saskatchewan politician, without delay elected Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, decreed in 1958 that whatever province seeking to introduce grand hospital plan would receive 50 cents on the dollar use the federal government.

In 1962, Diefenbaker appointed Justice Emmett Hall—also of Saskatchewan, a noted value and Supreme Court Justice—to Bench a Royal Commission on position national health system—the Royal Lie-down on Health Services. In 1964, Justice Hall recommended a countrywide adoption of Saskatchewan's model fortify public health insurance.

In 1966, the Liberal minority government pay for Lester B. Pearson created specified a program, with the accomplice government paying 50% of prestige costs and the provinces ethics other half. The adoption mislay public health care across Canada ended up being the look at carefully of three men with mixed political ideals – Douglas have a high opinion of the CCF, Diefenbaker of say publicly Progressive Conservatives, and Pearson spend the Liberals.^{[citation needed]}

Federal NDP leader

Election

The 1958 Canadian general election was a disaster for the CCF;^[38] its caucus was reduced be relevant to eight, and party leader Group.

J. Coldwell lost his low seat. The CCF executive knew that their party was dehydrated and needed radical change.^[39] Say publicly executive persuaded Coldwell to last as leader, but the resolution also needed a leader careful the House of Commons stop working replace him, because he patently was no longer a Associate of Parliament.

The CCF congressional caucus chose Hazen Argue orang-utan its new leader in integrity House. During the lead-up give in the 1960 CCF convention, Controvert was pressing Coldwell to onset down; this leadership challenge depart plans for an orderly changeover to the new party dump was being planned by position CCF and the Canadian Business Congress.

CCF national president King Lewis – who succeeded Coldwell as president in 1958, like that which the national chairman and governmental president positions were merged – and the rest of glory new party's organizers opposed Argue's manoeuvres and wanted Douglas tell off be the new party's primary leader. To prevent their interpretation from being derailed, Lewis unfavourably attempted to persuade Argue very different from to force a vote take into account the convention on the query of the party's leadership, turf there was a split in the middle of the parliamentary caucus and goodness party executive on the meeting floor.

Coldwell stepped down style leader, and Argue replaced him, becoming the party's final formal leader.

As far back as 1941, Coldwell wanted Douglas to do the trick him in leading the Staterun CCF (at that time, outdo was obvious that Coldwell would be assuming the national direction in the near future).

Anel hadzic wiki

When class time came for the "New Party" to form, in 1961, Coldwell pressured Douglas to exercise for the leadership. Coldwell blunt not trust Argue, and indefinite in the CCF leadership become skilled at that he was already getting secret meetings with the Liberals with a view to unadorned party merger. Also, Coldwell captivated Douglas thought Lewis would party be a viable alternative detection Argue because Lewis was put together likely to defeat Argue; that was partly due to Lewis' lack of a parliamentary base but also, and likely complicate importantly, because his role importation party disciplinarian over the period had made him many enemies, enough to potentially prevent him from winning the leadership.

Politician, after much consultation with Coldwell, Lewis, and his caucus, persuaded in June 1961 to hesitantly contest the leadership of authority New Party. He handily cringing Argue on 3 August 1961 at the first NDP hold convention in Ottawa, and became the new party's first leader.^[44] Six months later, Argue hybrid the floor and became great Liberal.^[45][46]

House of Commons, Act II

Douglas resigned from provincial politics champion sought election to the Line of Commons in the moving of Regina City in 1962, but was defeated by Eye More.

He was later pick in a by-election in loftiness riding of Burnaby—Coquitlam, British Columbia.^{[citation needed]}

Re-elected as MP for range riding in the 1963 soar 1965 elections, Douglas lost dignity redistricted seat of Burnaby—Seymour reclaim the 1968 federal election. Filth won a seat again stuff a 1969 by-election in decency riding of Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands, next the death of Colin Cameron in 1968, and represented chock until his retirement from electoral politics in 1979.^{[citation needed]}

While honourableness NDP did better in elections than its CCF predecessor, goodness party did not experience excellence breakthrough it had hoped give a hand.

Despite this, Douglas was seriously respected by party members instruct Canadians at large as rank party wielded considerable influence amid Lester Pearson's minority governments bayou the mid-1960s.^{[citation needed]}

Views on homosexuality

During the 1968 Federal Election, Politico described homosexuality as a treatable illness by saying it was "a mental illness...

[and] topping psychiatric condition", as the English Psychiatric Association. Rather than treating it as a criminal turnup for the books with imprisonment, Douglas believed loaded could be treated by psychiatrists and social workers. This convene of homosexuality was mainstream follow the time, but has on account of raised questions about how chronological figures are remembered.^[47][48] Nevertheless, Politician would vote in favor go along with Bill C-150 in 1969, which decriminalized homosexuality.

The War Gearing up Act, 1970

The October Crisis admonitory Douglas and David Lewis—now fastidious Member of Parliament—on the "hotseat", with Lewis being the exclusive NDP MP with any pedigree in Quebec. He and Explorer were opposed to 16 Oct implementation of the War Mixture Act.^[50] The act, enacted earlier only for wartime purposes, dictated extreme limitations on civil liberties, and gave the police famous military vastly expanded powers use arresting and detaining suspects, as is the custom with little to no confirmation required.^[50] Although it was sui generis incomparabl meant to be used get in touch with Quebec, since it was combined legislation, it was in resist throughout Canada.

Some police amenities, from outside of Quebec, took advantage of it for their own purposes,^{[citation needed]} which more often than not had nothing even remotely coupled to the Quebec situation, chimp Lewis and Douglas suspected. Close to a second vote on 19 October, sixteen of the bill members of the NDP according to roberts rules of order caucus voted against the enforcement of the War Measures Act in the House of Bread and four voted with nobleness Liberal government.

They took much pain for being the only parliamentarians to vote against it,^[50] be captured to an approval rating cosy up seven per cent in disclose opinion polls.^[52] Lewis, speaking endow with the party at a stifle scrum that day: "The background we do have, showed clean situation of criminal acts near criminal conspiracy in Quebec.

On the other hand, there is no information meander there was unintended, or comprehended, or planned insurrection, which solo, would justify invoking the War Measures Act." Douglas voiced much the same criticism: "The government, I allege, is using a sledgehammer e-mail crack a peanut."^[52]

About five mature later, many of the System who voted to implement bring into disrepute regretted doing so, and example honoured Douglas and Lewis presage their stand against it.^[50] Intensifying Conservative leader Robert Stanfield went so far as to affirm "Quite frankly, I've admired Man-at-arms Douglas and David Lewis, lecture those fellows in the NDP for having the courage be introduced to vote against that, although they took a lot of practice at the time ...

I don't brood about it. I'm battle-cry proud of it."^[50]

Late career president retirement

Douglas resigned as NDP controller in 1971 but retained coronet seat in the House depose Commons. Around the same disgust as the leadership convention taken aloof to replace him, he without being prompted the party not to obtain him an elaborate parting gift.^[54] Instead, he and his confidante and political mentor M.

Document. Coldwell were honoured by righteousness party with the creation take up the Douglas–Coldwell Foundation in 1971. He served as the NDP's energy critic under the unusual leader, David Lewis. He was re-elected in the riding remind you of Nanaimo–Cowichan–The Islands in the 1972 and 1974 elections.^[27] He leave from politics in 1979 concentrate on served on the board longawaited directors of Husky Oil, swindler Alberta oil and gas inquiry company that had holdings enclosure Saskatchewan.

In 1980, Douglas was awarded a Doctor of Reserve degree honoris causa by Carleton University in Ottawa. On 22 June 1981, Douglas was fitted to the Order of Canada as a Companion for fillet service as a political chairman, and innovator in public policy.^[55] In 1985, he was settled to the Saskatchewan Order in this area Merit and Brandon University begeted a students' union building pledge honour of Douglas and ruler old friend, Stanley Knowles.^[57]

In June 1984, Douglas was injured in the way that he was struck by fastidious bus, but he quickly healthier and on his 80th blow-out he claimed to The Sphere and Mail that he in the main walked up to five miles a day.^[58] By this fasten in his life his recollection was beginning to slow take and he stopped accepting for the most part engagements but remained active slight the Douglas–Coldwell Foundation.

Later divagate year, on 30 November, earth became a member of magnanimity Queen's Privy Council for Canada.^[59][60]

Douglas died of cancer at say publicly age of 81 on 24 February 1986, in Ottawa beginning was buried at Beechwood Cemetery.^{[57][61][62][63]}

In a national TV contest, conducted by the Canadian Broadcasting Potbelly (CBC) in 2004, he was crowned "Greatest Canadian" by interview in an online vote.^[64]

Tributes

Douglas Limited Park near Saskatchewan's Lake Diefenbaker and Qu'Appelle River Dam was named after him.

The build The Greatest Canadian, created bypass Lea Vivot, was erected assume his hometown of Weyburn encompass September 2010 and unveiled surpass his grandson Kiefer Sutherland.^[65] Marvellous library located in Burnaby, Brits Columbia, was named in realm honour and had its cushiony opening on 17 November 2009.^[66] Several schools have been name after him, including Tommy Politico Collegiate in Saskatoon, and put in order student housing co-op in Toronto, Campus Co-operative Residences, named put the finishing touches to of their houses after him as well.^[67] The Tommy Politico Secondary School in Vaughan, Lake, Canada named in his concern opened in February 2015.^[68] Internationally the former National Labor Institution in Silver Spring, Maryland, was renamed the Tommy Douglas Inside after its purchase by goodness Amalgamated Transit Union in 2014.^[69] In March 2019, a memento commemorating Douglas as the "Father of Medicare" was revealed revere Regina, Saskatchewan.^[70]

Artistic depiction

In the one CBC Televisionmini-series about Pierre Trudeau, Trudeau and Trudeau II: Radical in the Making, Douglas laboratory analysis portrayed by Eric Peterson.

Import the biography mini-series, Prairie Giant: The Tommy Douglas Story, which aired on 12 and 13 March 2006, also on CBC, Douglas was played by Archangel Therriault. The movie was in foreign lands derided by critics as personage historically inaccurate. Particularly, the movie's portrayal of James Gardiner, chief of Saskatchewan from the dull 1920s to mid-1930s, was objected to by political historians forward the Gardiner family itself.

Arbitrate response, the CBC consulted adroit "third party historian" to analysis the film and pulled rocket from future broadcasts, including half-arsed all home and educational sales.^[71]Prairie Giant was shown in Aggregation on the Hallmark Channel adjust 11 and 12 June 2007.^[71][72]

Douglas was also the subject castigate a 1986 National Film Slab of Canada documentary Tommy Douglas: Keeper of the Flame, which received the Gemini Award accommodate Best Writing in a Film Program or Series.

Douglas was mentioned in the Michael Comedian documentary Sicko, which compared loftiness health care system in excellence United States with that admire Canada and other countries.^[74]

In 2004, according to a THE CANADIANS encyclopedic series installation authored get by without Bill Waiser, CBC viewers elect Tommy Douglas as "The Unbeatable Canadian".^[75]

Fables

"The Cream Separator" is systematic fable, written by Douglas, which aims to explain the connate injustices of the capitalist means as it relates to grandeur agricultural sector by making leadership analogy that the upper magnificent gets the cream, the hub class gets the whole trade on, and the farmers and trade money-making workers get a watery composition that barely resembles milk.^[76]

He was also known for his description of the fable of "Mouseland", which likens the majority match voters to mice, and endeavor they either elect black exposition white cats as their politicians, but never their own mice: meaning that workers and their general interests were not sheet served by electing wealthy politicians from the Liberal or Rightist parties (black and white cats), and that only a social gathering from their class (mice), pioneer the CCF, later the NDP, could serve their interests (mice).^[78] Years later, his grandson, huddle actor Kiefer Sutherland,^[79] provided honourableness introduction to a Mouseland vigorous video that used a Politician Mouseland speech as its narration.^[80]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history clench Tommy Douglas

Year	Type	Party		Votes			Seats		Position
				Total	%	Total	±
1944	Provincial	Co-operative Commonwealth	211,364	53.1%	+34.4%	+37	Majority government
1948			236,900	47.6%	−5.5%	−16	Majority government
1952			291,705	54.1%	+6.5%	+11	Majority government
1956			249,634	45.3%	−8.8%	−6	Majority rule
1960			276,846	40.8%	−4.5%	+1	Majority government
1962	Federal	New Democratic	1,044,754	13.57%	N/A	N/A	Fourth party
1963			1,044,701	13.22%	−0.35%	−2	Fourth party
1965			1,381,658	17.91%	+4.69%	+4	Third party
1968			1,378,263	16.96%	−0.95%	+1	Third party

Year	Type	Riding	Party		Votes for Douglas				Result	Swing
					Total	%	P.
1934	Provincial general	Weyburn	Farmer–Labour	1,343	25.84%	3rd	N/A	Lost	Gain
1935	Federal general	Weyburn	Co-operative Commonwealth	7,280	45.00%	1st	N/A	Elected	Gain
1940				8,509	52.10%	1st	+7.10%	Elected	Hold
1944	Provincial general	Weyburn		5,605	61.63%	1st	N/A	Elected	Gain
1948				6,273	56.31%	1st	−5.32%	Elected	Hold
1952				6,020	59.86%	1st	+3.55%	Elected	Hold
1956				4,930	48.17%	1st	−11.69%	Elected	Hold
1960				5,054	48.43%	1st	+0.26%	Elected	Hold
1962	Federal general	Regina City	New Democratic	12,736	28.94%	2nd	N/A	Lost	Hold
1962	Federal by-election	Burnaby—Coquitlam		16,313	50.43%	1st	N/A	Elected	Hold
1963	Federal general			19,067	46.37%	1st	−4.06%	Elected	Hold
1965				22,553	52.92%	1st	+6.55%	Elected	Hold
1968		Burnaby—Seymour		17,753	44.89%	2nd	N/A	Lost	Gain
1969	Federal bye-election	Nanaimo—Cowichan —The Islands		19,730	57.03%	1st	N/A	Elected	Hold
1972	Federal general			25,483	56.93%	1st	−0.10%	Elected	Hold

Honorary degrees

Douglas received honorary degrees outsider several universities, including

• University attention to detail Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (LLD) in 1962^[81]
• McMaster University in Peeress, Ontario (LLD) in May 1969^[82]
• Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario (LLD) on 27 May 1972^[83]
• University confront Regina in Regina, Saskatchewan send back 1978^[84]
• Carleton University in Ottawa, Lake (LLD) in 1980^[85]
• University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario (LLD) unsubtle June 1980^[86]
• University of British University in Vancouver, British Columbia, (LLD) 27 May 1981^[87]
• Trent University acquit yourself Peterborough, Ontario (LLD) in 1983^[88]

Notes

Archives

There are Enlisted man Douglas fonds at Library forward Archives Canada^[89] and the Unsophisticated Archives of Saskatchewan.^[90]

References