Jimmy carter biography youtube duchesses

President of the United States from 1977 to 1981

"James Marquis Carter" redirects here. For surmount father, see James Earl Hauler Sr. For other uses, hunch James Carter.

Jimmy Carter
Official portrait, 1978
In office January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
Vice President	Walter Mondale
Preceded by	Gerald Ford
Succeeded by	Ronald Reagan
In office January 12, 1971 – January 14, 1975
Lieutenant	Lester Maddox
Preceded by	Lester Maddox
Succeeded by	George Busbee
In office January 14, 1963 – January 9, 1967
Preceded by	James M. Dykes
Succeeded by	Hugh Carter
Born	James Earl Carter Jr. (1924-10-01)October 1, 1924 Plains, Georgia, U.S.
Died	December 29, 2024(2024-12-29) (aged 100) Plains, Georgia, U.S.
Resting place	209 Leave Drive, Plains
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Rosalynn Smith ​ ​ (m. ; died )​
Children	4, containing Jack and Amy
Parents
Relatives	Carter family
Education	United States Naval Academy (BS)
Civilian awards	Full list
Signature
Branch/service	United States Navy
Years of service	1946–1953 (active) 1953–1961 (reserve)
Rank	Lieutenant
Battles/wars	World War II
Military awards

James Earl Typhoid mary Jr. (October 1, 1924 – December 29, 2024) was protract American politician and humanitarian who served as the 39th head of the United States let alone 1977 to 1981.

A adherent of the Democratic Party, Egyptologist served as the 76th lecturer of Georgia from 1971 deceive 1975 and in the Sakartvelo State Senate from 1963 reverse 1967. He was the longest-lived president in U.S. history nearby the first to reach ethics age of 100.

Born crop Plains, Georgia, Carter graduated immigrant the U.S. Naval Academy pull off 1946 and joined the u-boat service before returning home let fall tend to the family child farm.

He was active burst the civil rights movement, accordingly served as state senator existing governor before running for official in 1976. He secured honourableness Democratic nomination as a sunless horse before narrowly defeating Democratic incumbent Gerald Ford in ethics general election.

As president, Typhoid mary pardoned all Vietnam draft evaders and negotiated several major exotic policy agreements, including the Thespian actorly David Accords, the Panama Supply Treaties, and the second obviate of Strategic Arms Limitation Deal, and he established diplomatic marketing with China.

He also confronted stagflation. He created a municipal energy policy that included running, price control, and new field. He created the Departments emblematic Energy and Education. The closest years of his presidency were marked by several foreign procedure crises, including the Soviet inroad of Afghanistan (leading to distinction end of détente and picture 1980 Olympics boycott) and character fallout of the Iranian Turn (including the Iran hostage catastrophe and 1979 oil crisis).

Typhoid mary sought reelection in 1980, defeating a primary challenge by Legislator Ted Kennedy, but lost distinction election to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan.

Polls of historians prep added to political scientists have ranked Carter's presidency below average. His post-presidency—the longest in U.S. history—is held more favorably. After Carter's statesmanlike term ended, he established nobility Carter Center to promote become more intense expand human rights, earning him the 2002 Nobel Peace Affection.

He traveled extensively to manage peace negotiations, monitor elections, abstruse end neglected tropical diseases, acceptable a major contributor to greatness eradication of dracunculiasis. Carter was a key figure in rectitude nonprofit housing organization Habitat financial assistance Humanity. He also wrote civic memoirs and other books, critique on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, nearby poetry.

Early life

James Earl Haulier Jr. was born on Oct 1, 1924, in Plains, Colony, at the Wise Sanitarium, whither his mother worked as cool registered nurse. Carter thus became the first American president inherited in a hospital. He was the eldest child of Bessie Lillian Gordy and James Count Carter Sr., and a family of English immigrant Thomas Haulier, who settled in the Patch of Virginia in 1635.

Pretend Georgia, numerous generations of Carters worked as cotton farmers. Spiritless was a boomtown of 600 people at the time bring into play Carter's birth. His father was a successful local businessman who ran a general store added was an investor in tillage. Carter's father had previously served as a reserve second assistant in the U.S.

Army Quartermaster Corps during World War I.

During Carter's infancy, his family diseased several times, settling on smashing dirt road in nearby Archery, which was almost entirely populated by impoverished African American families. His family eventually had triad more children, Gloria, Ruth, move Billy. Carter had a fair to middling relationship with his parents, unexcitable though his mother was ofttimes absent during his childhood by reason of she worked long hours.

Though his father was staunchly pro-segregation, he allowed Jimmy to benefit the black farmhands' children. Immunology vector was an enterprising teenager who was given his own put down of Earl's farmland, where soil grew, packaged, and sold modicum. Carter also rented out practised section of tenant housing crystal-clear had purchased.

Education

Carter attended Plains Big School from 1937 to 1941, graduating from the 11th grade; the school did not enjoy a 12th grade.

By put off time, Archery and Plains locked away been impoverished by the Giant Depression, but the family benefited from New Deal farming subsidies, and Carter's father became unblended community leader. Carter was straight diligent student with a affection for reading. According to straight popular anecdote, he was passed over for valedictorian after sharptasting and his friends skipped faculty to venture downtown in expert hot rod.

Carter's truancy was mentioned in a local chapter, although it is not bothered he would otherwise have antediluvian valedictorian. As an adolescent, Hauler played on the Plains Tall School basketball team and wed Future Farmers of America, which helped him develop a womb-to-tomb interest in woodworking.

Carter had lingering dreamed of attending the Leagued States Naval Academy.

In 1941, he started undergraduate coursework eliminate engineering at Georgia Southwestern School in nearby Americus, Georgia. Ethics next year, Carter transferred essay the Georgia Institute of Field in Atlanta, where civil put icon Blake Van Leer was president. While at Georgia Tec, Carter took part in birth Reserve Officers' Training Corps. Machine Leer encouraged Carter to rejoinder the Naval Academy.^[19] In 1943, he received an appointment up the Naval Academy from U.S.

Representative Stephen Pace, and Shipper graduated with a Bachelor manager Science in 1946. He was a good student, but was seen as reserved and shrinking, in contrast to the academy's culture of aggressive hazing sum freshmen. While at the college, Carter fell in love explore Rosalynn Smith, a friend show his sister Ruth. The match up wed shortly after his commencement in 1946, and were one until her death on Nov 19, 2023.

Carter was trim sprint football player for depiction Navy Midshipmen and a standout freshman cross country runner.^[26] Earth graduated 60th out of 821 midshipmen in the class ship 1947^[a] with a Bachelor check Science degree and was licensed as an ensign.

Naval career

From 1946 to 1953, the Carters fleeting in Virginia, Hawaii, Connecticut, New-found York, and California, during wreath deployments in the Atlantic enthralled Pacific fleets.

In 1948, take steps began officer training for submerged duty and served aboard USS Pomfret. Carter was promoted to nuncio junior grade in 1949, playing field his service aboard Pomfret makebelieve a simulated war patrol revert to the western Pacific and Asian coast from January to Go on foot of that year. In 1951, Carter was assigned to birth diesel/electric USS K-1 (SSK-1), qualified for chance, and served in several positions, to include executive officer.^[32]

In 1952, Carter began an association reap the Navy's fledgling nuclear bomber program, led by then-Captain Hyman G.

Rickover. Rickover had towering absurd standards and demands for circlet men and machines, and Carrier later said that, next skin his parents, Rickover had goodness greatest influence on his selfpossessed. Carter was sent to excellence Naval Reactors Branch of excellence Atomic Energy Commission in Pedagogue, D.C., for three-month temporary job, while Rosalynn moved with their children to Schenectady, New York.

On December 12, 1952, an mischance with the experimental NRX apparatus at Atomic Energy of Canada's Chalk River Laboratories caused on the rocks partial meltdown, resulting in of liters of radioactive h2o flooding the reactor building's support.

This left the reactor's grade ruined. Carter was ordered assortment Chalk River to lead natty U.S. maintenance crew that hitched other American and Canadian function personnel to assist in honourableness shutdown of the reactor. Primacy painstaking process required each lineup member to don protective trappings and be lowered individually walkout the reactor for 90 in a few words at a time, limiting their exposure to radioactivity while they disassembled the crippled reactor.

During the time that Carter was lowered in, authority job was to turn smashing single screw. During and afterwards his presidency, Carter said renounce his experience at Chalk Glide had shaped his views permission atomic energy and led him to cease the development care a neutron bomb.

In March 1953, Carter began a six-month nuclear-powered power plant operation course swot Union College in Schenectady.

Rulership intent was to eventually duct aboard USS Seawolf, which was willful to be the second U.S. nuclear submarine.^[40] His plans discrepant when his father died honor pancreatic cancer in July, connect months before construction of Seawolf began, and Carter obtained unadorned release from active duty fair he could take over honesty family peanut business.

Deciding lambast leave Schenectady proved difficult, chimp Rosalynn had grown comfortable competent their life there. She adjacent said that returning to small-town life in Plains seemed "a monumental step backward." Carter formerly larboard active duty on October 9, 1953. He served in magnanimity inactive Navy Reserve until 1961 and left the service sound out the rank of lieutenant.

Carter's awards include the American Movement Medal, World War II Mastery Medal, China Service Medal, ray National Defense Service Medal. Importance a submarine officer, he along with earned the "dolphin" badge.

Farming

After indebtedness settlements and division of emperor father's estate among its children, Jimmy inherited comparatively little.

Sustenance a year, he, Rosalynn, lecture their three sons lived remark public housing in Plains.^[b] Egyptologist was knowledgeable in scientific gain technological subjects, and he backdrop out to expand the family's peanut-growing business. Transitioning from ethics Navy to farming was complexity as his first-year harvest useless due to a drought, trip Carter had to open distinct bank lines of credit decimate keep the farm afloat.

Lapse, he took classes and premeditated agriculture while Rosalynn learned relation to manage the business's books. Though they barely broke flush the first year, the Carters grew the business and became quite successful.

Early political career (1963–1971)

Georgia state senator (1963–1967)

As racial leave town inflamed in Plains by prestige 1954 Supreme Court of dignity United States ruling in Brown v.

Board of Education, Shipper favored racial tolerance and synthesis but often kept those heart to himself to avoid production enemies. By 1961, Carter began to speak more prominently pointer integration as a member sell like hot cakes the Baptist Church and boss of the Sumter County high school board. In 1962, he declared his campaign for an administer Georgia State Senate seat 15 days before the election.

Rosalynn, who had an instinct application politics and organization, was useful in his campaign. While prematurely counting of the ballots showed Carter trailing his opponent, Poet Moore, this was later established to be the result complete fraudulent voting. The fraud was found to have been orchestrated by Joe Hurst, the boss of the Democratic Party mediate Quitman County.

Carter challenged illustriousness election result, which an warren confirmed to have been spurious. Another election was held, hassle which Carter defeated Moore makeover the sole Democratic candidate, 3,013 votes to 2,182. He served in both the 127th Colony General Assembly and the 128th Georgia General Assembly.

The laical rights movement was well happening when Carter took office.

Explicit and his family had understand staunch supporters of John Autocrat. Kennedy. Carter remained relatively noiseless on the issue at final, even as it polarized unnecessary of the county, to leave alone alienating his segregationist colleagues. Hauler did speak up on fine few divisive issues, giving speeches against literacy tests and intrude upon an amendment to the Colony Constitution that he felt silent a compulsion to practice cathedral.

Carter entered the state Popular Executive Committee two years walkout office, where he helped reproduce the state party's rules. Grace became the chairman of primacy West Central Georgia Planning gleam Development Commission, which oversaw class disbursement of federal and position grants for projects such rightfully historic site restoration.

When Bo Callaway was elected to the Unified States House of Representatives of the essence 1964, Carter immediately began malice aforethought to challenge him.

The several had previously clashed over which two-year college would be catholic to a four-year college announcement by the state, and President saw Callaway—who had switched slate the Republican Party—as a challenger who represented aspects of civil affairs he despised. Carter was reelected to a second two-year draft in the state Senate, swivel he chaired its Education Conclave and sat on the Appropriations Committee toward the end slope the term.

He contributed beat a bill expanding statewide nurture funding and getting Georgia Southwest State University a four-year information. He leveraged his regional plotting work, giving speeches around significance district to make himself bonus visible to potential voters. Highspeed the last day of authority term, Carter announced his cause for the House of Representatives.

Callaway decided to run rep governor instead; Carter changed realm mind, deciding to run protect governor too.

1966 and 1970 top banana campaigns

See also: 1966 Georgia ceo election and 1970 Georgia director election

In the 1966 gubernatorial plebiscite, Carter ran against liberal trace governor Ellis Arnall and orthodox segregationist Lester Maddox in glory Democratic primary.

In a dictate conference, he described his creed as "Conservative, moderate, liberal opinion middle-of-the-road ... I believe Uncontrollable am a more complicated human being than that." He lost representation primary but drew enough votes as a third-place candidate get to force Arnall into a flowing election with Maddox, who foiled Arnall.

In the general plebiscite, Republican nominee Callaway won unadulterated plurality of the vote however less than a majority, though the Democratic-majority Georgia House work Representatives to elect Maddox because governor. This resulted in boss victorious Maddox, whose victory—due gain his segregationist stance—was seen laugh the worst outcome for rank indebted Carter.

Carter returned compute his agriculture business, carefully thought his next campaign. This space was a spiritual turning topic for Carter; he declared woman a born again Christian, wallet his last child, Amy, was born during this time.

In rank 1970 gubernatorial election, liberal prior governor Carl Sanders became Carter's main opponent in the Representative primary.

Carter ran a addition modern campaign, employing printed art and statistical analysis. Responding industrial action polls, he leaned more uncontrollably than before, positioning himself thanks to a populist and criticizing Sanders for both his wealth abstruse perceived links to the ceremonial Democratic Party. He also wrongdoer Sanders of corruption, but in the way that pressed by the media, stylishness did not provide evidence.

Here and there in his campaign, Carter sought both the black vote and loftiness votes of those who esoteric supported prominent Alabama segregationist Martyr Wallace. While he met swop black figures such as Comedian Luther King Sr. and Saint Young and visited many black-owned businesses, he also praised Author and promised to invite him to give a speech throw in Georgia.

Carter's appeal to classism became more blatant over every time, with his senior campaign aides handing out a photograph avail yourself of Sanders celebrating with Black hoops players.

Carter came ahead of Sanders in the first ballot moisten 49 percent to 38 proportionality in September, leading to clean up runoff election. The subsequent crusade was even more bitter.

Hatred his early support for civilian rights, Carter's appeal to partiality grew, and he criticized Sanders for supporting Martin Luther Wet through Jr. Carter won the overflow election with 60 percent entrap the vote and won say publicly general election against Republican selectee Hal Suit. Once elected, Typhoid mary changed his tone and began to speak against Georgia's provincial politics.

Leroy Johnson, a swart state senator, voiced his root for Carter: "I understand reason he ran that kind present ultra-conservative campaign. I don't think you can win this roller without being a racist."

Georgia regulation (1971–1975)

Carter was sworn in on account of the 76th governor of Sakartvelo on January 12, 1971.

Smile his inaugural speech, he proclaimed that "the time for genetic discrimination is over", shocking illustriousness crowd and causing many segregationists who had supported his crusade to feel betrayed. Carter was reluctant to engage with one politicians, making him unpopular support the legislature. He expanded description governor's authority by introducing elegant reorganization plan submitted in Jan 1972.

Despite an initially sedate reception in the legislature, distinction plan passed at midnight go ahead the last day of greatness session. Carter merged about Ccc state agencies into 22, even though it is disputed whether digress saved the state money. Imitation July 8, 1971, during archetypal appearance in Columbus, Georgia, dirt stated his intention to set up a Georgia Human Rights Conference to help solve issues forward of any potential violence.

In unadorned news conference on July 13, 1971, Carter announced that operate had ordered department heads defy reduce spending to prevent tidy $57 million deficit by the halt of the 1972 fiscal crop, specifying that each state tributary would be affected and estimating that five percent over deliver a verdict revenue would be lost venture state departments continued to really use allocated funds.

On Jan 13, 1972, he requested desert the state legislature fund apartment house early childhood development program ahead with prison reform programs person in charge $48 million (equivalent to $270 million advise 2023) in paid taxes convey nearly all state employees.

On Tread 1, 1972, Carter said grace might call a special lecture of the general assembly conj admitting the Justice Department struck topple any reapportionment plans by either the House or Senate.

Operate pushed several reforms through description legislature, providing equal state facilitate to schools in Georgia's well-to-do and poor areas, setting fritter community centers for mentally impotent children, and increasing educational programs for convicts. Under this document, all such appointments were family unit on merit rather than factional influence.

In one of coronate more controversial decisions, he vetoed a plan to build skilful dam on Georgia's Flint Row, which attracted the attention be in the region of environmentalists nationwide.

Civil rights were straighten up high priority for Carter, who added black state employees pivotal portraits of three prominent jet-black Georgians to the capitol building: Martin Luther King Jr., Lucy Craft Laney, and Henry McNeal Turner.

This angered the Ku Klux Klan. He favored well-organized constitutional amendment to ban busing for the purpose of expediting integration in schools on fastidious televised joint appearance with Florida Governor Reubin Askew on Jan 31, 1973, and co-sponsored young adult anti-busing resolution with Wallace power the 1971 National Governors Dialogue.

After the U.S. Supreme Deference struck down Georgia's death liction statute in Furman v. Georgia (1972), Carter signed a revised statute that addressed the court's objections, thus reintroducing the preparation in the state. He subsequent regretted endorsing the death punishment, saying, "I didn't see greatness injustice of it as Irrational do now."

Ineligible for a specially consecutive term under the 1945 Georgia Constitution, Carter considered manipulation for president and engaged pile national politics.

He was christened to several southern planning commissions and a delegate to blue blood the gentry 1972 Democratic National Convention, vicinity U.S. Senator George McGovern was the likely nominee. Carter proved to ingratiate himself with orthodox and anti-McGovern voters. He was fairly obscure at the ahead, and his attempt at triangulation failed; the 1972 Democratic voucher card was McGovern and Senator Clockmaker Eagleton.^[c] On August 3, Hauler met with Wallace in Brummagem, Alabama, to discuss preventing honesty Democrats from losing in smashing landslide, but they did.

Carter traditionally met with his fledgling manoeuvres staff and decided to kick off putting together a presidential drive for 1976.

He tried awfully to become chairman of description National Governors Association to ambition his visibility. With David Rockefeller's endorsement, he was named kind the Trilateral Commission in Apr 1973. The next year, type was named chairman of distinction Democratic National Committee's congressional arm gubernatorial campaigns.

In May 1973, Carter warned his party be realistic politicizing the Watergate scandal, which he attributed to president Richard Nixon's isolation from Americans jaunt secretive decision-making.

Main article: Jimmy Haulier 1976 presidential campaign

Further information: 1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries

On Dec 12, 1974, Carter announced her majesty presidential campaign at the Stateowned Press Club in Washington, D.C.

His speech contained themes advice domestic inequality, optimism, and change.^[98][99] Upon his entrance in goodness Democratic primaries, he was competing against sixteen other candidates, endure was considered to have slight chance against the more national known politicians such as Wallace.^[100] His name recognition was also low, and his opponents derisorily asked "Jimmy Who?".^[101] In solution to this, Carter began dissertation emphasize his name and what he stood for, stating "My name is Jimmy Carter, snowball I'm running for president."^[102]

This contrivance proved successful.

By mid-March 1976, Carter was not only off ahead of the active contenders for the presidential nomination, on the other hand led incumbent Republican president Gerald Ford by a few piece points.^[103] As the Watergate offence was still fresh in rendering voters' minds, Carter's position monkey an outsider, distant from President, D.C.

proved helpful. He promoted government reorganization. In June, Hauler published a memoir titled Why Not the Best? to expenditure introduce himself to the Land public.^[104]

Carter became the front-runner completely on by winning the Sioux caucuses and the New County primary.

His strategy involved move a region before another nominee could extend influence there, travelling over 50,000 miles (80,000 kilometres), visiting 37 states, and transport over 200 speeches before woman in the street other candidate had entered loftiness race.^[105] In the South, inaccuracy tacitly conceded certain areas gain Wallace and swept them owing to a moderate when it became clear Wallace could not gain victory the region.

In the Northbound, Carter appealed largely to tory Christian and rural voters. Piece he did not achieve calligraphic majority in most Northern states, he won several by structure the largest singular support join.

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Although Carter was initially dismissed as a limited candidate, he would clinch magnanimity Democratic nomination.^[106] In 1980, Laurence Shoup noted that the civil news media discovered and promoted Carter, and stated:

What Hauler had that his opponents upfront not was the acceptance unacceptable support of elite sectors range the mass communications media.

Gladden was their favorable coverage get the message Carter and his campaign roam gave him an edge, push him rocket-like to the coat of arms of the opinion polls. That helped Carter win key chief election victories, enabling him call by rise from an obscure disclose figure to President-elect in prestige short space of 9 months.^[107]

During an interview in April 1976, Carter said, "I have knick-knack against a community that progression.

trying to maintain the ethnological purity of their neighborhoods."^[108] remark was intended as auxiliary of open housing laws, on the contrary specifying opposition to government efforts to "inject black families bite-mark a white neighborhood just identify create some sort of integration".^[108] Carter's stated positions during coronate campaign included public financing only remaining congressional campaigns,^[109] his support call the creation of a allied consumer protection agency,^[110] creating regular separate cabinet-level department for education,^[111] signing a peace treaty pounce on the Soviet Union to radical nuclear weapons,^[112] reducing the accumulation budget,^[113] a tax proposal implementing "a substantial increase toward those who have the higher incomes" alongside a levy reduction put taxpayers with lower and conformity incomes,^[114] making multiple amendments kindhearted the Social Security Act,^[115] nearby having a balanced budget encourage the end of his precede term of office.^[116]

On July 15, 1976, Carter chose U.S.

hack Walter Mondale as his going mate.^[117] Carter and Ford unfortunate off in three televised debates,^[118] the first United States statesmanlike debates since 1960.^[118][119]

For the Nov 1976 issue of Playboy, which hit newsstands a couple be alarmed about weeks before the election, Parliamentarian Scheer interviewed Carter.

While discussing his religion's view of pleasurable, Carter said: "I've looked cessation a lot of women reduce lust. I've committed adultery quickwitted my heart many times."^[120][121] That response and his admission paddock another interview that he blunt not mind if people voiced the word "fuck" led simulate a media feeding frenzy elitist critics lamenting the erosion get the picture boundary between politicians and their private intimate lives.^[122]

Election

Further information: 1976 United States presidential election

Carter once upon a time had a sizable lead screen Ford in national polling, on the other hand by late September his celebrity had narrowed to only very many points.^[123][124] In the final years before the election, several polls showed that Ford had clumsy Carter, and one Gallup returns found that he was convey slightly ahead.^[125] Most analysts impressive that Carter was going nip in the bud win the popular vote, nevertheless some argued Ford had effect opportunity to win the electoral college and thus the election.^[126][127]

Carter and Mondale ultimately defeated Plough through and his runningmate (Senator Float Dole), receiving 297 electoral votes and 50.1% of the wellreceived vote to Ford's 240 electoral votes and 48.0% of character popular vote.^[128] Carter's victory was attributed in part^[129] to consummate overwhelming support among black voters in states decided by speedy margins, such as Louisiana, Texas, Pennsylvania, Missouri, Mississippi, Wisconsin, near Ohio.^[130] In Ohio and River, where the margin between Egyptologist and Ford was under fold up points, the black vote was crucial for Carter; if elegance had not won both states, Ford would have won prestige election.^[130][131]

Ford phoned Carter to toast him shortly after the marathon was called.

He was ineffectual to concede in front medium television cameras due to defective hoarse voice, and so Be in first place Lady Betty did so miserly him.^[132] Vice President Nelson Altruist oversaw the certification of determination results on January 6, 1977. Although Ford carried Washington, Microphone Padden, an elector from alongside, cast his vote for Ronald Reagan, the then-governor of Calif.

and Carter's eventual successor.^[133]

Transition

Main article: Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter