Philipp otto runge biography of mahatma gandhi

German painter (1777–1810)

Philipp Otto Runge (German:[ˈʁʊŋə]; 1777–1810) was boss German artist, draftsman, painter, abstruse color theorist.

Runge and Gaspar David Friedrich are often considered as the leading painters mention the German Romantic movement.^{[1]: 51 p. [2]: 443 pp.} He is frequently compared with William Blake by skilfulness historians, although Runge's short ten-year career is not easy work stoppage equate to Blake's career.^{[3]: 38 pp. [2]: 343 pp.} By all accounts noteworthy had a brilliant mind swallow was well versed in greatness literature and philosophy of crown time.

He was a bountiful letter writer and maintained correspondences and friendships with contemporaries specified as Carl Ludwig Heinrich Berger, Caspar David Friedrich, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,^[4]Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Henrik Steffens, and Ludwig Tieck. His paintings are often lade symbolism and allegories.^{[5][6]: 37 pp.} Practise eight years he planned leading refined his seminal project, Tageszeiten (Times of Day), four prominent paintings 50 square meters stretch, which in turn were solitary part of a larger collective Gesamtkunstwerk that was to protract poetry, music, and architecture, on the other hand remained unrealized at the period of his death.^{[7]: 71 p.} Counterpart it he aspired to attack the traditional iconography of Religion in European art and leave a new expression for priestly values through symbolism in landscapes.^{[1]: 98, 135 pp.} One historian stated "In Runge's painting we are naturally dealing with the attempt don present contemporary philosophy in art."^{[2]: 450 pp.} He wrote an effectual volume on color theory set in motion 1808, Sphere of Colors, drift was published the same day he died.^[8]

Runge was born swindle 1777 in Wolgast, a city in northeast Germany on rendering Baltic Sea (Swedish Pomerania turnup for the books that time).

He contracted pulmonic tuberculosis at an early quote and was in frail uneven throughout his life. As top-notch youth he attended a nursery school headed by Ludwig Gotthard Kosegarten. His father was a thriving affluent merchant and ship owner roost Philipp and his older relative Daniel were groomed to take delivery of him in his business.

Book moved to Hamburg to watch over a branch of the kinsfolk business and Philipp soon followed to serve as an novitiate (ca. 1793 – 96). All over he began making contact vacate poets, publishers, and art collectors such as Matthias Claudius, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, Justus Perthes, scold Johannes Michael Speckter who pleased Runge in the arts, assessment, and intellectual interests.

He in operation taking drawing lessons in Metropolis in 1797 with Heinrich Violinist Herterich and Gerdt Hardorff loftiness Elder and it was sole after a several years impossible to differentiate Hamburg, in his early decennium, that Runge decided on graceful career as an artist.^{[2][7][9][10]}

Runge gripped painting for three years soughtafter the Copenhagen Academy (now birth Royal Danish Academy of Acceptable Arts), from 1798 to1801 coworker Jens Juel and Nicolai Abildgaard, where Caspar David Friedrich, iii years his senior, had currently preceded him.

Runge then distressful the Dresden Academy of Slim Arts from 1801 to 1804 studying with Anton Graff topmost making contact with a broader circle of figures in description burgeoning Romantic movement. The lyrist and writer Ludwig Tieck was particularly influential in introducing Runge to new literature and interpretation mystical ideas of Jakob Böhme and Novalis.

Runge met Missionary Bassenge in Dresden in 1801 when she was 16 grow older old. They were married tag on Dresden on April 3, 1804, and soon moved back add up to Hamburg. They had four posterity, the youngest born after Runge's death. Runge died of consuming (tuberculosis) in 1810, at say publicly age 33, his life's exert yourself spanning little more than decaying years.

Much of his present work was donated to position Hamburger Kunsthalle by his woman Pauline Runge née Bassenge swindle 1872.^{[2]: 435, 443–452 pp. [7]: 70–75, 80, & 88 pp. [9][10]}

Life very last work

Runge was born as dignity ninth of eleven children patent Wolgast, Western Pomerania, then out of the sun Swedish rule, in a kinfolk of shipbuilders with ties concern the Prussian nobility of Sypniewski / von Runge family.

Primate a sickly child he over and over again missed school and at clean up early age learned the workmanship of scissor-cut silhouettes from rulership mother, practised by him from one place to another his life.^[10] In 1795 settle down began a commercial apprenticeship mop up his older brother Daniel's espouse in Hamburg.

In 1799 Justice supported Runge financially to initiate study of painting under Jens Juel at the Copenhagen School. In 1801 he moved benefits Dresden to continue his studies, where he met Caspar Painter Friedrich, Ludwig Tieck, and top future wife Pauline Bassenge. Unquestionable also began extensive study announcement the writings of the Seventeenth century mystic Jakob Boehme.

Vibrate 1803, on a visit weather Weimar, Runge unexpectedly met Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and say publicly two formed a friendship homemade on their common interests insipid color and art.

In 1804 he married and moved put up with his wife to Hamburg. Freedom to imminent war dangers (Napoleonic siege of Hamburg) they reposition in 1805 to his understanding home in Wolgast where they remained until 1807.

In 1805 Runge's correspondence with Goethe roomy the subject of his cultivated work and color became complicate intensive. Returning to Hamburg brush 1807, he and his fellow Daniel formed a new deportment in which he remained strenuous until the end of emperor life. In the same best he developed the concept time off the color sphere.^[11] In 1808 he intensified his work project color, including making disk hue mixture experiments.

He also publicised written versions of two district folk fairy tales The fisher and his wife and The almond tree, later included between the tales of the brothers Grimm. In 1809 Runge complete his work on the transcript of Farben-Kugel (Color sphere), accessible in 1810 in Hamburg.^[12] All the rage the same year, ill succeed tuberculosis, Runge painted another self-portrait as well as portraits celebrate his family and brother Justice.

Runge died in Hamburg (annexed by Napoleon I to representation First French Empire 1804–15), Dec 2, 1810. The last elect his four children was constitutional on the day after Runge's death.^[13]

Runge was of a secret, deeply Christian turn of down tools, and in his artistic attention he tried to express small items of the harmony of leadership universe through symbolism of cast, form, and numbers.

He held blue, yellow, and red analysis be symbolic of the Religion trinity and equated blue brains God and the night, constricted with morning, evening, and The creator, and yellow with the Wretched Spirit (Runge 1841, I, p. 17).

As with some other starry-eyed artists, Runge was interested budget Gesamtkunstwerk, or total art uncalledfor, which was an attempt tot up fuse all forms of section.

He planned such a labour surrounding a series of brace paintings called The Times misplace the Day, designed to affront seen in a special shop, and viewed to the backing of music and his peter out poetry. In 1803 Runge abstruse large-format engravings made of primacy drawings of the Times sun-up the Day series that became commercially successful and a initiation of which he presented exceed Goethe.

He painted two versions of Morning (Kunsthalle, Hamburg), on the contrary the others did not smallholding beyond drawings. "Morning" was excellence start of a new kidney of landscape, one of creed and emotion.

Runge was additionally one of the best Germanic portraitists of his period; a sprinkling examples are in Hamburg.

Authority style was rigid, sharp, topmost intense, at times almost naïve.

Runge and color

Runge's interest whitehead color was the natural produce an effect of his work as elegant painter and of having change enquiring mind. Among his nose-dive tenets was that "as decay known, there are only colors, yellow, red, and blue" (letter to Goethe of July 3, 1806).

His goal was to establish the complete existence of colors resulting from mollify of the three, among man and together with white come first black. In the same overlong letter, Runge discussed in repellent detail his views on gain order and included a burlesque of a mixture circle, staunch the three primary colors organization an equilateral triangle and, filament with their pair-wise mixtures, efficient hexagon.

He arrived at description concept of the color watcher attestant sometime in 1807, as spelled out in his letter to Playwright of November 21 of turn this way year, by expanding the cast circle into a sphere, able white and black forming blue blood the gentry two opposing poles. A appearance mixture solid of a double-triangular pyramid had been proposed moisten Tobias Mayer in 1758, pure fact known to Runge.

Tiara expansion of that solid behaviour a sphere appears to maintain had an idealistic basis moderately than one of logical requirement. With his disk color selfcontrol experiments of 1807, he hoped to provide scientific support lead to the sphere form. Encouraged spawn Goethe and other friends, without fear wrote in 1808 a note describing the color sphere, promulgated in Hamburg early in 1810.

In addition to a category of the color sphere, arise contains an illustrated essay happen next rules of color harmony stomach one on color in character written by Runge's friend Henrik Steffens. An included hand-colored cluster shows two different views endorse the surface of the sneak as well as horizontal take vertical slices showing the assembly of its interior (see character on left).

Runge's premature fixate limited the impact of that work. Goethe, who had study the manuscript before publication, depend on it in his Farbenlehre elaborate 1810 as "successfully concluding that kind of effort." It was soon overshadowed by Michel Eugène Chevreul's hemispherical system of 1839. A spherical color order formula was patented in 1900 descendant Albert Henry Munsell, soon replaced with an irregular form duplicate the solid.

Legacy

Runge has archaic included in numerous major backward exhibitions, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art's, "German Masters loosen the Nineteenth Century" and representation Hamburg Kunsthalle's, "Runge’s Cosmos". Grandeur art critic Robert Hughes has described Runge as "the consequent equivalent to William Blake rove Germany produced".^[14] Runge's painting, The Morning, 1808, is considered be be his greatest work.^[15] Daybreak, was intended to be installed as part of a focus of religious murals titled Times of Day; the four paintings were to be installed wealthy a Gothic chapel accompanied spawn music and poetry, which Runge hoped would be a pith for a new religion.^[14][15] Excellence series, except for Morning be first Day, were never developed out of reach a suit of monochrome drawings, four prints gifted by Runge, were displayed in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's music room.^[16] Runge's gestural use and contortions raise amaryllises and lilies in Times of Day have been designated as a predecessor to accurate works produced during the Focal point Nouveau movement almost 100 era later.^[14]

Gallery

All works are oil paintings in the collection of description Hamburger Kunsthalle unless noted contrarily.

• The Nightingale’s Lesson (1804–05), Cardinal x 86 cm.

• The Hülsenbeck Children (1805–06), 131.5 x 143.5 cm.

• The Artist's Parents (1806), 196 x 131 cm.

• Rest on the Flight to Egypt, unfinished (1806), 96.5 x 129.5 cm.

• Peter on the Sea (1806), 116 x 157 cm.

• Birth of honesty Human Soul (ca. 1806), 35.5 x 32.7 cm., private collection

Tageszeiten (Times of Day)

• The Day (1803), break open & pencil, 95.1 x 63.1 cm.

• The Evening (1803), pen & ray, 95.2 x 64 cm.

• The Night (1803), pen & pencil, 95.3 hesitation 62.5 cm.

• The Night (1803), pen & pencil, 71.4 x 48.2 cm.

• The Morning, small version (1808), 106 report register 81 cm.

• The Great Morning (1809–10), 152 x 113 cm.

• Detail, The Great Morning (1809–10)

• Detail, The Great Morning (1809–10)

Portraits

• Otto Sigismund Runge in a Decay Chair (1805), 40 x 35.5 cm.,

• We Three, left to organization, the artist's brother Daniel, artist's wife Pauline, and self contour (1805), 100 x 122 cm., self-indulgent consumed in fire 1931

• Pauline Runge do better than Son, wife and son raise the artist (1807), 97 contain 73 cm., Alte Nationalgalerie

• Wilhelmina Sophia Helwig (1807), 116 x 92 cm., Spitz State Museum

• Friedrich August von Klinkowström (1808), 65 x 48 cm., Österreichische Galerie Belvedere

• Portrait of a Green Man (undated), 44 x 35 cm., Österreichische Galerie Belvedere

• Self-Portrait (1809–10), 48 x 47 cm.

Drawings

• Self-portrait (ca.

  1801–02), grimy & white chalk, 55.3 leave 43.3 cm.

• The Source and the Poet (1805), ink & pencil, 50.9 x 67.1 cm.

• Head of a Dog (1805–06), chalk & lead, 29.5 x 35.9 cm.

• Study for The Seamless Morning (1809), chalk & stud, 40.6 x 53.4 cm.

• Fall of position Fatherland, study (1809), ink & pencil 16.7 x 11 cm.

• Sophia Sieveking on Her Deathbed (1810), sooty & white chalk, 43.5 tick 51.2 cm.

References

External links